Великие по собственному выбору

Katrina Brooker, Herb Kelleher, and Reporter Associate Alynda Wheat, “The Chairman of the Board Looks Back,” Fortune, May 21, 2008, 4; Charles O’Reilly and Jeffrey Pfeffer, “Southwest Airlines: Using Human Resources for Competitive Advantage (A),” Graduate School of Business, Stanford University case study #HR-1A (Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 2003), 6.
14

“Herb and his Airline,” 60 Minutes, CBS, May 27, 1990, Television; Jane Gibson, “Work Hard, Play Hard,” Smart Business, November 2005.
15

Jan Jarboe Russell, “A Boy and His Airline,” Texas Monthly, April 1989.
16

Tonda Montague (Ed.), Employee Communications, Southwest Airlines: 30 Years. One Mission. Low Fares. Supplement to Southwest Airlines Co., Fiscal 2001 Annual Report (Dallas: Southwest Airlines Co., 2001), 35.
17

“Southwest Airlines Co. (LUV),” Wall Street Transcript, June 8, 1987.

18

John Kirkpatrick, “Clownish in Public, Southwest Airlines Executive can be Ruthless to Rivals,” Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News, March 20, 2001.
19

Andy Grove with Bethany McLean, “Taking on Prostate Cancer,” Fortune, May 13, 1996.
20

Andy Grove with Bethany McLean, “Taking on Prostate Cancer,” Fortune, May 13, 1996.
21

Robert B. Cialdini and Noah J. Goldstein, “Social Influence: Compliance and Conformity,” Annual Review of Psychology, February 2004, 591–621.
22

Bro Uttal, “Inside the Deal that Made Bill Gates $350,000,000,” Fortune, July 21, 1986, 27.
23

Walter Isaacson, “In Search of the Real Bill Gates,” Time, January 13, 1997. (This article also appeared in the October 20, 2005, edition of Time.)
24

“For Bill Gates, Micros are Personal,” Information Week, August 14, 1989; “The Bill Gates Interview,” Playboy, 1994; Brent Schlender, “What Bill Gates Really Wants,” Fortune, January 16, 1995, 34.
25

James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive (New York: HarperBusiness, 1992), 402–3; Lee Gomes, “Microsoft’s Gates Eyes Challenges,” San Jose Mercury News, June 18, 1991, 1C; Lee Gomes, “Candid Memo Costs Microsoft’s Gates a Fortune,” San Jose Mercury News, June 20, 1991, IF; Rich Karlgaard, “ASAP Interview: Bill Gates,” Forbes, December 7, 1992; Yahoo! Finance, http://www.finance.yahoo.com.
26

Kathy Rebello and John Hillkirk, “Sculley to Take a Break; Sabbaticals at Core of Apple Perks,” USA Today, June 10, 1988, 01B.
27

Kathy Rebello and John Hillkirk, “Sculley to Take a Break; Sabbaticals at Core of Apple Perks,” USA Today, June 10, 1988, 01B.
28

John Markoff, “Visionary Apple Chairman Moves On,” New York Times, October 16, 1993; Chris Higson and Tom Albrighton, “Apple Computer’s Financial Performance,” London Business School, case study #CS 08–012 (London: London Business School Publishing, 2008), 8, 11; Apple Inc., Fiscal 1994 and 1996 10-Ks (Cupertino, CA: Apple Inc., 1994 and 1996).
29

Johanna M. Hurstak and David B. Yoffie, “Reshaping Apple Computer’s Destiny 1992,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–393–011 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1992), 9.
30

Mead Jennings, “Staying the Course,” Airline Business, February 1992, 52; Elizabeth Corcoran, “Intel’s Blunt Edge,” Washington Post, September 8,1996, H01; Arlene Weintraub and Amy Barrett, “Amgen: Up from Biotech,” Business Week, March 18, 2002, 70; Lee Gomes, “Microsoft’s Gates Eyes Challenges,” San Jose Mercury News, June 18, 1991, 1C.
31

Geoffrey Smith and James Ellis, “Pay That was Justified – And Pay that Just Mystified,” Business Week, May 6, 1991; James Ellis, “You Don’t Necessarily Get What You Pay For,” Business Week, May 4, 1992, 144; “CEO/Company Interview: Dr. Dane A. Miller, Biomet, Inc.,” Wall Street Transcript, December 2000; Steve Kaelble, “Money’s Worth: Which CEOs Deliver the Best Return?” Indiana Business Magazine, July 1, 1999, 15; Matthew Herper, “Dane Miller: CEO Value to the Bone,” Forbes, May 8, 2001; Tom Schuman, “Biomet and CEO Dane Miller,” CEO Magazine, November/December 2002,44.

32

James Ellis, “You Don’t Necessarily Get What You Pay For,” Business Week, May 4, 1992; “CEO/Company Interview: Dr. Dane A. Miller, Biomet, Inc.,” Wall Street Transcript, December 2000.
33

Stephen Phillips, “Driven to Succeed: Peter Lewis, Progressive’s Artful Chief Exec, Aims to Overtake Auto Insurance Industry’s Leaders,” Plain Dealer, September 1,1996,1.1; Gregory David, “Chastened?” Financial World, January 4, 1994, 39; Carol J. Loomis, “Sex. Reefer? And Auto Insurance!” Fortune, August 7, 1995, 76; личная беседа с автором.
34

Mike Casey, “Insurer Favors Low-Risk Route; Progressive Corp.’s Personnel Help Write a Policy for Success,” Crain’s Cleveland Business, February 23, 1987, 2; Mike Casey, “Insurer Favors Low-Risk Route; Progressive Corp.’s Personnel Help Write a Policy for Success,” Crain’s Cleveland Business, February 23, 1987, 2; The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 1991 Annual Report (Mayfield Heights, OH: The Progressive Corporation, 1991), 14; The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 1996 Annual Report (Mayfield Village, OH: The Progressive Corporation, 1996), 30.

35

Carol J. Loomis, “Sex. Reefer? And Auto Insurance!” Fortune, August 7, 1995, 76.
36

Andrew Bary, “No. 4 Progressive Closes In On Auto Insurance Leaders,” Wall Street Journal, November 8, 2009.
37

“Intel Executive Biography: Gordon Moore,” Intel Corporation, http://www.intel.com/; Gene Bylinsky, “How Intel Won Its Bet on Memory Chips,” Fortune, November 1973; Leslie Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 244.
38

Bro Uttal, “Inside The Deal That Made Bill Gates $350,000,000,” Fortune, July 21, 1986.
39

Bill Gates, “Microsoft’s Bill Gates: Harvard Commencement Speech Transcript,” Network World, June 8, 2007; Ruthie Ackerman, “Gates Fights To Eradicate Malaria,” Forbes, October 19, 2007; “The Meaning of Bill Gates,” Economist, June 26, 2008; “Microsoft’s Tradition of Innovation,” Microsoft Corporation, October 25, 2002, http://www.microsoft.com/about/companyinformation/ourbusinesses/profile.mspx.
40

Michael A. Verespej, “Recession? What Recession? Southern Gentleman John Brown Achieves 20 Percent Earnings Growth Annually – No Matter What,” Chief Executive, June 2002, 45; “John W. Brown,” Michigan Economic Development Corporation, http://www.themedc.org/Executive-Committee/John-Brown/.
41

Michael Hiestand, “Flying the Wacky Skies with Southwest’s CEO,” Adweek’s Marketing Week, July 10,1989, 31; Charles O’Reilly and Jeffrey Pfeffer, “Southwest Airlines: Using Human Resources for Competitive Advantage (A),” Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, case study #HR-1A (Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 2003), 6; “Southwest Airlines Company (LUV), Wall Street Transcript, June 5, 1989; “Officer Biographies: Herbert D. Kelleher,” Southwest Airlines, http://www.southwest.com/swamedia/bios/herb_kelleher.html.

42

Steven Litt, “This Lone Ranger has Nothing to Hide,” Plain Dealer, September 29, 2002, Al; April Dougal Gasbarre (updated by David Bianco), “The Progressive Corporation,” International Directory of Company Histories (New York: St. James Press, 1999), 396.
43

Geoffrey Smith, “The Guts to Say ’I Was Wrong,’” Forbes, May 28, 1979.
44

“Jerry Sanders’s Act is Cleaning Up,” Fortune, October 15, 1984; Jeffrey L. Rodengen, The Spirit of AMD: Advanced Micro Devices (Fort Lauderdale, FL: Write Stuff Enterprises Inc., 1998), 22–24.
45

Tonda Montague (Ed.), Employee Communications, Southwest Airlines: 30 Years. One Mission. Low Fares. Supplement to Southwest Airlines Co., Fiscal 2001 Annual Report (Dallas: Southwest Airlines Co., 2001), Seanna Browder, “How George Rathmann Mastered the Science of the Deal,” Business Week, November 30, 1998; Arthur Kornberg, The Golden Helix (Sausalito, CA: University Science Books, 1995), 205.
46

Из поэмы “A Blessing” by Mekeel McBride, в сборнике Ted Kooser, The Poetry Home Repair Manual (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), 141.
47

Stryker Corporation, Fiscal 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, and 1997 Annual Reports (Kalamazoo, MI: Stryker Corporation, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, and 1997); United States Surgical Corporation, Fiscal 1979–2002 Annual Reports (Norwalk, CT: United States Surgical Corporation, 1979–2002). При подсчете ежегодного прироста в случаях отрицательного дохода мы применяли формулу (Год 2 – Год 1) / Абсолютная стоимость (Год 1). Stryker выделила необычно высокий доход за 1990 год и не учитывала его в ежегодных сравнениях дохода нетто. Если изъять этот выдающийся год из расчетов, максимальное отклонение снизится до 7 %. Мы также подчеркиваем тот факт, что за этот период доходы Stryker никогда не падали ниже нуля.

48

Laura M. Holson, “Tyco to Pay $3.3 Billion in Stock for U. S. Surgical,” New York Times, May 26, 1998.
49

Stryker Corporation, Fiscal 1979 Annual Report (Kalamazoo, MI: Stryker Corporation, 1979); Zina Sawaya, “Focus through Decentralization,” Forbes, November 11, 1991, 242; Michael A. Verespej, “Recession? What Recession? Southern Gentleman John Brown Achieves 20 Percent Earnings Growth Annually – No Matter What,” Chief Executive, June 2002, 45; “John W. Brown Profile,” Forbes, http://people.forbes.com/profile/john-w-brown/35968; Eric Whisenhunt, “Stryker Force: Divide, Conquer, and Be First with the New,” Michigan Business Magazine, November 1985, 36.

50

Geoffrey Brewer, “20 Percent – Or Else!” Sales and Marketing Management, November 1994, 66; Matt Walsh, “Avoiding the Snorkel Award,” Forbes, January 2, 1995, 180.
51

Geoffrey Brewer, “20 Percent – Or Else!” Sales and Marketing Management, November 1994, 66.
52

Michael A. Verespej, “Recession? What Recession? Southern Gentleman John Brown Achieves 20 Percent Earnings Growth Annually – No Matter What,” Chief Executive, June 2002, 45.
53

Geoffrey Brewer, “20 Percent – Or Else!” Sales and Marketing Management, November 1994, 66; Steve Watkins, “Stryker Corp./Kalamazoo, Michigan: Failure Not An Option For This Manufacturer,” Investor’s Business Daily, September 25, 2001, A10.
54

Stryker Corporation, Fiscal 1979–2002 Annual Reports (Kalamazoo, MI: Stryker Corporation, 1979–2002) (The Fiscal 1997 Annual Report [page 2] states, “Stryker Corporation achieved its net earnings goal in 1997, delivering our 21
st

consecutive year of 20 % growth or better.” Stryker выделяет экстраординарный доход за 1990 год, который компания не учитывает в ежегодных сопоставлениях прибыли. Для подсчета, с какой точностью Stryker соблюдала ориентиры двадцатимильного марша, мы использовали данные по доходам, приведенные на второй странице Fiscal 2002 Annual Report.); “Corporate Critic’s Confidential,” Wall Street Transcript, February 27, 1989.
55

Edward A. Wyatt, “Just What the Doctor Ordered,” Barron’s, June 4, 1990; Ron Winslow, “Heard on the Street: U. S. Surgical Shares Plunge: Is Fall Over?” Wall Street Journal, April 9, 1993, Cl; Christopher Tucher, “Now, Lee Hirsch Wants to Sew Up Sutures,” Business Week, August 7, 1989, 74–75; “FDA Will Let Stand Its Decision to Speed Approval of Sutures,” Wall Street Journal, August 25, 1989, 1; United States Surgical Corporation, Fiscal 1988 Annual Report (Norwalk, CT: United States Surgical Corporation, 1988).

56

Ron Winslow, “Heard on the Street: U.S. Surgical Shares Plunge: Is Fall Over?” Wall Street Journal, April 9, 1993, Cl; Felicia Paik, “Unhealthy Sales Afflict Many Suppliers of Medical Goods as Hospitals Cut Costs,” Wall Street Journal, January 14, 1994, B4B; Ron Winslow, “As Marketplace Shifts, U. S. Surgical Needs Patching Up,” Wall Street Journal, February 18, 1994, B4; “Recent Suture Prices Sliding Downward, as Hospital Buyers Cast Votes for Ethicon,” Hospital Materials Management, August 1996, 1; Howard Rudnitsky, “On the Mend,” Forbes, December 2, 1996, 58; “Shareholders Approve Tyco’s Acquisition of U. S. Surgical Corporation,” PR Newswire, October 1, 1998; Laura M. Holson, “Tyco to Pay $3.3 Billion in Stock for U. S. Surgical,” New York Times, May 26, 1998; United States Surgical Corporation, Fiscal 1989, 1991, 1992, 1995, and 1997 Annual Reports (Norwalk, CT: United States Surgical Corporation, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1995, and 1997).

57

Richard M. McCabe, “Airline Industry Key Success Factors,” Graziadio Business Report (Malibu, CA: Pepperdine University, 2006); Howard D. Putnam with Gene Busnar, The Winds of Turbulence (Reno, NV: Howard D. Putnam Enterprises Inc., 1991), 83; Southwest Airlines Co., Fiscal 2001 Proxy Statement (Dallas: Southwest Airlines Co., 2001); Southwest Airlines Co., Fiscal 2002 Annual Report (Dallas: Southwest Airlines Co., 2002).
58

“Southwest Airlines Co.,” Wall Street Transcript, May 28, 1979; “Texas Gets Bigger,” Forbes, November 12, 1979, 88–89; Charles O’Reilly and Jeffrey Pfeffer, “Southwest Airlines: Using Human Resources for Competitive Advantage (A),” Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, case study #HR-1A (Palo Alto, CA: Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, 1995), 8; Tonda Montague (Ed.), Employee Communications, Southwest Airlines: 30 Years. Mission. Low Fares, (Supplement to Southwest Airlines Co. Fiscal 2001 Annual Report), 2001; Southwest Airlines Co., Fiscal 1996 and 2001 Annual Reports (Dallas: Southwest Airlines Co., 1996 and 2001).

59

Southwest Airlines Co., Fiscal 2001 Proxy Statement (Dallas: Southwest Airlines Co., 2001); Southwest Airlines Co., Fiscal 2002 Annual Report (Dallas: Southwest Airlines Co., 2002); данные графика происходят из источников, указанных в этом источнике и в двух предыдущих примечаниях.
60

“The Progressive Corporation,” Wall Street Transcript, February 28, 1972; Thomas A. King, “The Progressive Corporation (PGR), ”Wall Street Transcript, January 14, 2002; The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 1971 Annual Report (Cleveland, OH: The Progressive Corporation, 1971); The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 1976 Annual Report (May-field Village, OH: The Progressive Corporation, 1976).
61

Peter B. Lewis, “The Progressive Corporation: Address to the New York Society of Security Analysts,” Wall Street Transcript, February 28, 1972; Elisabeth Boone, “Recipe for Success,” Rough Notes, April 2002, 42; The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 1971 Annual Report (Cleveland, OH: The Progressive Corporation, 1971); The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 1976, 1986, 1996, 2001, and 2003 Annual Reports (Mayfield Village, OH: The Progressive Corporation, 1976, 1986, 1996, 2001, and 2003).
62

Eric Whisenhunt, “Stryker Force: Divide, Conquer, and Be First with the New,” Michigan Business Magazine, November 1985, 36; Mike Casey, “Insurer Favors Low-Risk Route; Progressive Corp.’s Personnel Help Write a Policy for Success,” Crain’s Cleveland Business, February 23, 1987, 2; Noreen Seebacher, “Stryker Products: Just What the Doctor Ordered,” Detroit News, May 6, 1991, 3F; Nicolaj Siggelkow and Michael E. Porter, “Progressive Corporation,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–797–109 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 1998); Elisabeth Boone, “Recipe for Success,” Rough Notes, April 2002, 42; The Progressive Corporation, Fiscal 1981 Annual Report (Mayfield Village, OH: The Progressive Corporation, 1981), 11.

63

W. L. Campbell, “General of America Earnings Increase to New High Level,” National Underwriter, February 7, 1964, 1; “Safeco Corporation,” Commercial and Financial Chronicle, October 3, 1968; “Safeco Corporation,” Wall Street Transcript, June 9, 1969; “Safeco Corporation,” Wall Street Transcript, July 12, 1976; Art Garcia, “Spotlight on Safeco Corp.,” Journal of Commerce, January 24, 1977, 2; “Safeco: ’Redlining’ Two States to Bolster Insurance Profits,” Business Week, July 17, 1979, 88; William Mehlman, “Safeco Continues to Stand Out in Depressed Casualty Group,” Insiders’ Chronicle, October 26, 1979, 7; “Safeco Corporation,” Wall Street Transcript, August 8, 1983; “Safeco Reports Loss of $41m During the First Quarter of ’85,” National Underwriter, May 3, 1985, 6; John Davies, “Safeco Profit Weakness Blamed on Junk Bonds,” Journal of Commerce, April 30, 1990; Greg Heberlein, “Safeco Plea Seeks a Change of Shirt,” Seattle Times, May 3, 1990, E2; “Safeco Corporation,” Wall Street Transcript, July 12, 1976; Peter Neurath, “Safeco Loses Millions on Commercial, Auto Lines,” Puget Sound Business Journal, March 19, 1990, 3.

64

Leslie Seism, “Safeco Plans $2.82 Billion Acquisition,” Wall Street Journal, June 9, 1997, A3; Judy Greenwald, “SAFECO Bids $2.8 Billion for American States,” Business Insurance, June 16, 1997,1; Thomas A. McCoy, “Safeco’s Huge Bet on the Independent Agency System,” Rough Notes, December 1997, 34; Peter Neurath, “Safeco’s Stodgy Image Changes with Latest Move,” Business Journal – Portland, October 10, 1997, 29; Beth Neurath, “Fun is the Best Policy,” Puget Sound Business Journal, December 25, 1998, 6; Boh A. Dickey, “CEO Interview with Boh A. Dickey – Safeco Corporation (SAFC),” Wall Street Transcript, April 27, 1999; Paula L. Stepankowsky, “After Revamp, Safeco’s CEO is Focusing Energies on Most Profitable Operations,” Wall Street Journal, March 27, 2002, B5C; Safeco Insurance Company of America, Fiscal 1996 and 1997 Annual Reports (Seattle, WA: Safeco Insurance Company of America, 1996 and 1997). Примечание: «Отставание более чем на 60 % от среднерыночного» основано на формуле: $2,8 миллиарда цены приобретения разделить по акциям в соответствии с балансом 1996 года.

65

Carol Tice, “Acquisition Put Safeco in a Long Slump,” Puget Sound Business Journal, October 8, 1999; Khanh T. L. Tran, “Eigsti and Stod-dard Are Leaving Safeco as Insurer Struggles to Regain Footing,” Wall Street Journal, August 4, 2000, B5; Ruth Levine, “Safeco Rewrites Growth Policy” Puget Sound Business Journal, August 11, 2000,1; “UPDATE: Safeco’s Newly Named CEO Believes He’s Prepared for Job,” A. M. Best Newswire, February 2, 2001; Susanne Sclafane, “SAFECO Chooses Former CNA Exec for Chief Executive Spot,” National Underwriter, February 5, 2001, 2; Safeco Insurance Company of America, Fiscal 1986, 1991, and 1996–2003 Annual Reports (Seattle, WA: Safeco Insurance Company of America, 1986, 1991, and 1996–2003).

66

Сводный коэффициент Progressive покрывает только страховку автомобиля, в то время как сводные коэффициенты Safeco учитывают страховку автомобилей плюс другие виды страхового бизнеса в секторе страхования собственности и здоровья. Несмотря на это отличие, вывод мы делаем верный, поскольку в анализе учитывается соответствие каждой компании собственным стандартам доходов по страхованию, как она сама их формулирует.
67

22. “Innovative Intel,” Economist, June 16, 1979, 94; Michael Annibale, “Intel: The Microprocessor Champ Gambles on Another Leap Forward,” Business Week, April 14, 1980, 98; Mimi Real and Robert Warren, A Revolution in Progress… A History of Intel to Date (Santa Clara, CA: Intel Corporation, 1984), 4; Gordon E. Moore, “Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits,” Proceedings of the IEEE, January 1998, 82–83; Leslie Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 160; “Moore’s Law,” Intel Corporation, http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/.

23. См. выше обсуждение случая Stryker.
24. См. выше обсуждение случая USSC.
25. См. выше обсуждение случая Southwest.
26. “USAir Completes Takeover of Pacific Southwest,” Washington Post, May 30, 1987.
27. См. выше обсуждение случая Progressive.
28. См. выше обсуждение случая Safeco.
29. “Moore’s Law,” Intel Corporation, http://www.intel.com/technology/mooreslaw/.
30. См. выше обсуждение случая AMD.

31. Stratford P. Sherman, “Microsoft’s Drive to Dominate Software,” Fortune, January 23, 1984, 82; Greg Heberlein, “Microsoft Stock Filing Unveils Secrets,” Seattle Times, February 4, 1986, Bl; James Wallace and Jim Erickson, Hard Drive (New York: HarperBusiness, 1992), 314; Brent Schlender, “What Bill Gates Really Wants,” Fortune, January 16, 1995; Jim Carlton, Apple (New York: Random House, 1997), 132; Steve Hamm, “Gates on Bullies, Browsers – and the Future,” Business Week, January 19, 1998; David Bank, “Paneful Struggle: How Microsoft’s Ranks Wound up in Civil War over Windows’ Future,” Wall Street Journal, February 1, 1999, Al; Carl Johnston, Michael Rukstad, and David Yoffie, “Microsoft, 2000,” Harvard Business School, case study #9–700–071 (Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing, 2000), 20–21.

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