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A mother's warmth and acceptance toward her teenagers may help prevent those children from being in an abusive relationship later in life, even if her own marriage is contentious, according to a new University at Buffalo study.
Previous research shows that adolescents who are exposed to marital conflict at a young age are at an increased risk to experience abuse in their romantic relations. However, the new study discovered that the child's relationship with their mother serves as a buffer by potentially promoting the teen's feelings of self-worth, says Jennifer Livingston, PhD, lead investigator and associate professor in the UB School of Nursing.
"Children form internal working models about themselves and others based on the quality of their relationship with their parents," said Livingston. "If the primary caretaker is abusive or inconsistent, children learn to view themselves as unlovable and others as hostile and untrustworthy. But positive parenting behaviors characterized by acceptance and warmth help children form positive internal working models of themselves as lovable and worthy of respect."
The results could help in the development of interventions that prevent teens from experiencing physical, emotional or sexual relationship abuse. More than 30% of adolescents are the victim of some type of abuse by a romantic partner, says Livingston, who is also a faculty member in the UB Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions (CRIA).
The protective effects of a mother's love
The research, published this month in the Journal of Interpersonal Violence, surveyed more than 140 adolescents whose parents were married or cohabitating at the time of their birth.
The families are part of an ongoing study on the development of children of alcoholic parents. Half of the participants had at least one parent, most often the father, with an alcohol problem. The researchers examined the group due to the connection between alcoholism in fathers and family dysfunction.
"Although parental alcoholism has not been directly linked to teen dating violence, children growing up in alcoholic families experience greater exposure to marital conflict and harsh parenting in comparison to children from non-alcoholic families," said Livingston. "Clearly not all children from alcoholic families are involved in dating violence, suggesting that there are protective factors at play as well. These protective factors need to be identified to advance prevention efforts."
The participants completed surveys in eighth grade and during their junior or senior year of high school, reporting on their exposure to conflict between their parents, perception of their relationship with their mother, and any involvement in dating violence.
The study discovered that children who experienced above average levels of positive parenting behaviors from their mother in eighth grade were less likely to be involved in dating violence as a teenager, even when there were high levels of conflict in their parents' marriage.
Lower levels of warmth, responsiveness and support by the mother did not weaken the harmful effects of marital conflict on her children.
"The joint influence of parent-to-parent conflict and maternal-child interactions suggests the need for a multipronged approach to intervention that promotes communication and conflict resolution in the marriage and positive parenting behavior with the children," says Livingston. "Parents who are better able to communicate and resolve disagreements will have less conflict in the household and can model appropriate conflict resolution skills to their children. The ability to successfully resolve conflicts should also reduce stress and enable parents to be more responsive to their child's needs."
Future studies may examine the difference in the effects of marital conflict on male and female children, or if the protective effects of positive parenting persist if the mother is the alcoholic parent.
Materials provided by University at Buffalo. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
University at Buffalo. "Teens who have loving bond with mother less likely to enter abusive relationships: A strong positive relationship with their mother protected teens even when the mother's marriage is full of conflict." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 30 October 2019. .
University at Buffalo. (2019, October 30). Teens who have loving bond with mother less likely to enter abusive relationships: A strong positive relationship with their mother protected teens even when the mother's marriage is full of conflict. ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 8, 2021 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191030100043.htm
University at Buffalo. "Teens who have loving bond with mother less likely to enter abusive relationships: A strong positive relationship with their mother protected teens even when the mother's marriage is full of conflict." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191030100043.htm (accessed July 8, 2021).
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Teens who have loving bond with mother less likely to enter abusive relationships: A strong positive relationship with their mother protected teens even when the mother's marriage is full of conflict
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191030100043.htm
A mother's warmth and acceptance toward her teenagers may help prevent those children from being in an abusive relationship later in life, even if her own marriage is contentious, according to a new study.

Updated 1739 GMT (0139 HKT) December 29, 2015
Story highlights
Teen pregnancy is often talked about in the negative — and as an accident
Stephanie Gengotti knows several young mothers who intentionally started their families early
Editor's note: This story was published in January 2014.
(CNN)Teen pregnancy is often talked about in the negative — and as an accident.
But Rome-based photographer Stephanie Gengotti knows several young mothers who, despite financial and social challenges, intentionally started their families early.
"They are totally, totally happy with their choices," Gengotti said. "And they are really good mothers, too. They can cope with it really, really easy, and it's like they were born to do it."
In a project called "9 Months," Gengotti spent nearly two years with adolescents in Naples, Italy, as they went through pregnancy and early motherhood. She slept in their homes, helped out with the children and developed strong relationships with families so that she could tell their stories from an insider's perspective.
Gengotti said she read up on the subject beforehand and found that the city of Naples has one of the highest teenage pregnancy rates in Italy. So she decided to go to a "consultorio" there — a place where pregnant girls can find social assistance — and meet some of them.
A doctor introduced her to five expecting mothers.
Two of them were sisters who became pregnant one month apart: Angela at 17 and Virna at 14. Virna's pregnancy was accidental, but she had known her boyfriend since age 11. The other four deliberately became mothers.
"One of the girls, she said: 'We are in 2010, and of course I knew what a contraceptive was. But I decided I wanted a child,' " Gengotti said.
The girls Gengotti studied tended to come from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, but they didn't receive financial help from the government for being mothers, she said. The government would only offer assistance if the fathers didn't accept the children, but in these cases, they did, she said.
Many of the girls live with their parents while raising their babies, and they have fiances who have stayed with them, too. Some of the girls and their boyfriends cannot support themselves and their babies alone, but their families are supportive.
Mothers of the pregnant girls tended to be very young themselves — in their late 30s — and also had children as teenagers. And the new moms tended to come from large families, with many siblings, cousins, nieces and nephews, so they were accustomed to looking after children.
Virna kept going to school while pregnant. She finished her education and now works at a beauty salon. Angela also continued studying, and she is a secretary for a lawyer.
The young mothers in Gengotti's project "all look forward to a new phase of life, and behind their windows, silent and hidden, we wonder whether it's irresponsibility or courage," Gengotti writes on her website.
Follow @CNNPhotos on Twitter to join the conversation about photography.
Her project has not been published in Italy; she thinks this is because of the influence of Catholicism in her country. One prospective interviewer told her she couldn't talk about contraceptives. Teen pregnancy is not talked about much in the news, she said.
"Nobody knows about what is going on," Gengotti said.
The project has been life-changing for Gengotti. Before, she was afraid to have a child of her own. Part of her hesitation was that she is focused on her career, and she thought she would not be hired as much to take photos if she were taking care of a child.
But after becoming so close to these mothers, she decided she wanted to become one, too, at age 40. She now has a 3-month-old son, Elias, and is continuing photography. She is also still in touch with the young mothers and will see them every six months.
"I think that when you tell a story or do a project, it's because in a way you have to solve something within yourself. Because it has something to do with your personality," she said. "Maybe I decided to do it because I was so scared about becoming a mother."
Stephanie Gengotti is a photographer based in Rome, Italy.
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