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The bulk of this book is a history of the USSRs New Economic Policy from its initiation in 1921 until its abrupt termination at the end of 1929. The NEP was a policy formulated largely by Lenin and Bukharin which tried to lead the USSR through a market-based transition to socialism. With this history, told from Bukharins perspective, Stephen Cohen makes two very important arguments. First, he shows how Lenin, Bukharin, and the vast majority of the Bolsheviks planned out a peaceful transition to socialism AFTER the construction of a workers state in 1918-1921 (of course, this was not a real workers state because the civil war destroyed the Russian working class and its democratic institutions, the Soviets). Lenin and Bukharins perspective was the strategy of the New Economic Policy, a period of rising living standards for workers and peasants, the slow growth of the socialist sector (socialized industry, worker cooperatives, and peasant marketing cooperatives), and a relatively pluralistic and free Russian society - with the major exception of the state, which was obviously ruled by one party.Second, Cohen shows how the New Economic Policy of Lenin and Bukharin contrasted sharply with the hyper-industrialization/collectivization model that Stalin suddenly embraced in 1930 (prior to this point, Stalin had also been a supporter of the NEP). Cohen argues that Stalins sole original contribution to Bolshevik thought was his intensification thesis, that claimed that as the USSR approached socialism, class tensions would build and require force to defeat all of socialisms enemies - which included millions of poor peasants and party traitors. This theory, combined with the insane industrialization plan that Stalin adopted, was a recipe for civil war, which is what actually broke out in the countryside in 1930-34, when Stalins apparatus killed approximately 10 million peasants in the process of forcing all farmers onto collective farms. Stalins social revolution from above between 1930 and 1934 was followed by a political revolution between 1936 and 1939, when the mass purges of the Communist Party killed another 3 million and essentially destroyed the party as a real factor in political life until after Stalins death.The significance of Cohens work is that it shows that there was a real alternative to Stalins rule: the New Economic Policy of Lenin and Bukharin. Furthermore, although Stalin slowly accumulated power throughout the 20s, the new civil war and terror that began in December 1929 was qualitatively different from the relatively pluralistic society that came before. Trotsky and the left opposition, usually thought to be the true alternative to Stalin, occupy a position somewhere between the course championed by Bukharin and the course Stalin took.This is not a hagiography of Bukharin however. Cohen recognizes that the role Bukharin played in the intra-party debates in the 20s was destructive, and that he, like Trotsky and others, repeatedly missed warning signs about, and opportunities to defeat, Stalin. Still, an excellent book worth reading if youre interested in the development of the USSR.
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