Sex Vs Gender Essay Video

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Lesley has taught American and World History at the university level for the past seven years. She has a Master's degree in History.
Sex refers to our biology. Gender refers to social norms, values, and beliefs that establish gender roles. In this lesson, we will explore the differences between sex and gender and examine the amazing variety of gender roles across cultures and the broad span of human history. Updated: 07/30/2020
In nucleated human cells, we find 46 chromosomes arranged in pairs. Twenty-two of these pairs are called autosomes. The 23d pair, the sex chromosome, features either two X chromosomes or one X and one Y chromosome. If your sex chromosome is 'XX' you are female. If your 23d chromosome is 'XY' you are a male.
Of course, variation happens. There may be chromosomal aberrations. For example, some girls are born with an extra female chromosome: XXX. Some boys have an extra Y chromosome: XYY. Both of these aberrations are associated with learning difficulties.
In other cases, intersex anomalies appear in which a child will have both male and female sex characteristics. The term hermaphrodite refers to these cases. Intersex anomalies may arise from chromosomal, environmental, or hormonal disorders, but often, the causes are simply unknown. In any case, as you can imagine, people who are born part male and part female may face difficult gender role difficulties. How should the child be dressed? Should little Shana be raised as a boy or a girl?
In this lesson, we will focus on the far more common cases of distinctive male or female sex traits.
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Coming up next: Sexual Orientation: Definition & Facts
Just checking in. Are you still watching?
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0:00 Biology: Sex and Gender
1:12 Differences Between…
2:06 The Gender…
2:39 Gender Roles and…
4:11 Gender and Culture
5:52 Lesson Summary
During the 1970s, various researchers concluded that there were four common biologically determined differences between boys and girls.
And, of course, it is also the case that boys and girls tend to develop distinctive secondary sex characteristics. Boys have better defined musculature and greater upper body strength. They sprint faster and throw a ball further than most girls. Meanwhile, girls tend to distribute fatty tissues to bring about the soft curves of hips, thighs, and budding breasts.
More recently, Janet Shibley Hyde came up with another point of view. Based on meticulous reviews of massive amounts of prior research, she discovered a very interesting pattern. Namely, about 78% of the traditional gender differences, like those summarized above, were either very small, or virtually zero. And thus her gender similarities hypothesis proposed, in effect, that males and females are far more alike than different.
On the other hand, Hyde and her colleagues did not dispute the fact that most males have superior motor skills. And they did endorse the finding that males are, indeed, more aggressive than females.
Gender roles are culturally approved norms and attitudes ascribed to males and females. Gender identities are the way anyone feels about being either male or female. For example, some girls and women resent being excluded from masculine sports or dangerous work, like fire-fighting or law enforcement. Meanwhile, some males are secretive about hobbies like knitting or flower arranging.
Here are lists of 'ideal' feminine and masculine qualities common to our culture. See if you recognize them.
Taken together, these traits can be thought of as gender stereotypes. At best, stereotypes are widely adopted oversimplifications. For example, a common stereotype is that people from South Carolina speak with a Southern drawl. At worst, stereotypes are hurtful expressions of common ignorance. For example, as Irish immigrants poured into America during the great potato famine of the 1840s, a common stereotype was that all Irish were shiftless, lazy, and inclined to alcoholism. In fact, ideas like that were still around when Irish-Catholic John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States.
Gender stereotypes are harmful because they encourage the devaluation of women and an over-emphasis on masculine virtues, like dominance and competition, that undermine the common humanity of both men and women.
A study of different societies and different cultures quickly reveals that gender stereotypes are far from being universal guidelines to natural masculine or feminine traits. The work of an American anthropologist, Margaret Mead, stands out in that regard.
In the 1930s, Mead set out to support a hypothesis. Namely, what we call 'masculine' and 'feminine' personality traits are, for the most part, determined by culture. To explore her hypothesis, she studied three primitive cultures in Papua New Guinea. All of them were located in the Sepik River basin of that country and separated by roughly 20 air miles. She discovered quite a lot in her travels
Among a mountain people, the Arapesh, both men and women expressed traits we would call feminine. Cooperation, sensitivity to others, and passivity were common to both sexes. Both men and women were timid and shy about initiating sexual behavior. Perhaps most interesting was the fact that both men and women exhibited maternal behavior. And, for Arapesh males, that even included experiencing psychosomatic labor pains while the wife was giving birth.
Located to the south of the Arapesh, the Mundugumor practiced cannibalism and head-hunting. Interestingly, both men and women expressed what we would call masculine traits. Strutting about with their skin oiled, both men and women were haughty, arrogant, and prone to violence. Both sexes entered into jealous competition. Both sexes exhibited flat, cold, unemotional attitudes we might expect among stereotypical Mafia enforcers.
The Tchambuli lived along the shores of a lake and depended on fishing for sustenance. In this culture, masculine and feminine traits were reversed. Women made political and business decisions and were considered practical. Men were thought of as emotionally sensitive, artistic, and impractical.
Although there are chromosomal anomalies, for the most part there are two genders of humans: males, whose sex chromosomes read as XY, and females, whose sex chromosomes read as XX. During the 1970s, research showed that there were four biologically determined differences between boys and girls, but Janet Shibley Hyde argued instead that boys and girls are far more alike than different with their presentation of the gender similarities hypothesis. Gender roles are culturally-approved norms and attitudes ascribed to males and females. Gender identities are the way anyone feels about being either male or female. Gender stereotypes, generally speaking, might be defined as widely adopted, oversimplifications of traits held by either gender. An American anthropologist by the name of Margaret Mead traveled the world and studied gender in primitive cultures to disprove the idea that gender traits are biological. She found that traits that the Western world identified as masculine or feminine were not defined by a person's chromosomal sex, but rather are shaped by culture.
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Create a poster, chart, or some other type of graphic organizer that illustrates the chromosome combinations that produce biological sex. Make sure that your graphic organizer explains the difference between sex and gender.
Make a poster, chart, or some other type of graphic organizer that summarizes Margaret Mead's work on the three cultures in Papua New Guinea (the Arapesh, the Mundugumor, and the Tchambuli), and how they exhibit gender characteristics and values.
Example: A three-columned graphic organizer might work best here, with a separate column for each culture.
Write an essay of approximately one to two pages that describes the way researchers categorized gender distinctions in the 1970s and that explains the gender similarities hypothesis.
Example: During the 1970s, researchers contended that boys were naturally better at math than girls.
In an essay of at least three to four paragraphs, explain the differences between gender roles and gender identities. Also explain gender stereotypes and why they can be harmful.
Example: Gender roles are set by society and culture.
In at least one page, write about a time when you or someone you know went against a societal gender role. If you are uncomfortable using a personal example, simply make one up.
Example: As a little girl, Laura always preferred having a boys' bike.
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Earn Transferable Credit & Get your Degree fast
Lesley has taught American and World History at the university level for the past seven years. She has a Master's degree in History.
Sex refers to our biology. Gender refers to social norms, values, and beliefs that establish gender roles. In this lesson, we will explore the differences between sex and gender and examine the amazing variety of gender roles across cultures and the broad span of human history. Updated: 07/30/2020
In nucleated human cells, we find 46 chromosomes arranged in pairs. Twenty-two of these pairs are called autosomes. The 23d pair, the sex chromosome, features either two X chromosomes or one X and one Y chromosome. If your sex chromosome is 'XX' you are female. If your 23d chromosome is 'XY' you are a male.
Of course, variation happens. There may be chromosomal aberrations. For example, some girls are born with an extra female chromosome: XXX. Some boys have an extra Y chromosome: XYY. Both of these aberrations are associated with learning difficulties.
In other cases, intersex anomalies appear in which a child will have both male and female sex characteristics. The term hermaphrodite refers to these cases. Intersex anomalies may arise from chromosomal, environmental, or hormonal disorders, but often, the causes are simply unknown. In any case, as you can imagine, people who are born part male and part female may face difficult gender role difficulties. How should the child be dressed? Should little Shana be raised as a boy or a girl?
In this lesson, we will focus on the far more common cases of distinctive male or female sex traits.
You must cCreate an account to continue watching
Create Your Account To Continue Watching
As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed.
Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons.
It only takes a few minutes to setup and you can cancel any time.
What teachers are saying about Study.com
Coming up next: Sexual Orientation: Definition & Facts
Just checking in. Are you still watching?
Yes! Keep playing.
0:00 Biology: Sex and Gender
1:12 Differences Between…
2:06 The Gender…
2:39 Gender Roles and…
4:11 Gender and Culture
5:52 Lesson Summary
During the 1970s, various researchers concluded that there were four common biologically determined differences between boys and girls.
And, of course, it is also the case that boys and girls tend to develop distinctive secondary sex characteristics. Boys have better defined musculature and greater upper body strength. They sprint faster and throw a ball further than most girls. Meanwhile, girls tend to distribute fatty tissues to bring about the soft curves of hips, thighs, and budding breasts.
More recently, Janet Shibley Hyde came up with another point of view. Based on meticulous reviews of massive amounts of prior research, she discovered a very interesting pattern. Namely, about 78% of the traditional gender differences, like those summarized above, were either very small, or virtually zero. And thus her gender similarities hypothesis proposed, in effect, that males and females are far more alike than different.
On the other hand, Hyde and her colleagues did not dispute the fact that most males have superior motor skills. And they did endorse the finding that males are, indeed, more aggressive than females.
Gender roles are culturally approved norms and attitudes ascribed to males and females. Gender identities are the way anyone feels about being either male or female. For example, some girls and women resent being excluded from masculine sports or dangerous work, like fire-fighting or law enforcement. Meanwhile, some males are secretive about hobbies like knitting or flower arranging.
Here are lists of 'ideal' feminine and masculine qualities common to our culture. See if you recognize them.
Taken together, these traits can be thought of as gender stereotypes. At best, stereotypes are widely adopted oversimplifications. For example, a common stereotype is that people from South Carolina speak with a Southern drawl. At worst, stereotypes are hurtful expressions of common ignorance. For example, as Irish immigrants poured into America during the great potato famine of the 1840s, a common stereotype was that all Irish were shiftless, lazy, and inclined to alcoholism. In fact, ideas like that were still around when Irish-Catholic John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States.
Gender stereotypes are harmful because they encourage the devaluation of women and an over-emphasis on masculine virtues, like dominance and competition, that undermine the common humanity of both men and women.
A study of different societies and different cultures quickly reveals that gender stereotypes are far from being universal guidelines to natural masculine or feminine traits. The work of an American anthropologist, Margaret Mead, stands out in that regard.
In the 1930s, Mead set out to support a hypothesis. Namely, what we call 'masculine' and 'feminine' personality traits are, for the most part, determined by culture. To explore her hypothesis, she studied three primitive cultures in Papua New Guinea. All of them were located in the Sepik River basin of that country and separated by roughly 20 air miles. She discovered quite a lot in her travels
Among a mountain people, the Arapesh, both men and women expressed traits we would call feminine. Cooperation, sensitivity to others, and passivity were common to both sexes. Both men and women were timid and shy about initiating sexual behavior. Perhaps most interesting was the fact that both men and women exhibited maternal behavior. And, for Arapesh males, that even included experiencing psychosomatic labor pains while the wife was giving birth.
Located to the south of the Arapesh, the Mundugumor practiced cannibalism and head-hunting. Interestingly, both men and women expressed what we would call masculine traits. Strutting about with their skin oiled, both men and women were haughty, arrogant, and prone to violence. Both sexes entered into jealous competition. Both sexes exhibited flat, cold, unemotional attitudes we might expect among stereotypical Mafia enforcers.
The Tchambuli lived along the shores of a lake and depended on fishing for sustenance. In this culture, masculine and feminine traits were reversed. Women made political and business decisions and were considered practical. Men were thought of as emotionally sensitive, artistic,
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