Risky Public Teen

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6. Risky driving among Australian teens
LSAC Annual Statistical Report 2018 chapter – December 2019
Close to 80% of P-platers and 55% of learner drivers aged 16-17 had engaged in some form of risky driving on at least one of their 10 most recent trips.

More than one in 10 teens without a licence or learner's permit had taken risks while driving a car or riding a motorbike.

Speeding by up to 10 km/h over the limit and driving while tired were the two most common forms of risky driving.

One in five teens who failed to wear a seatbelt when driving (or a helmet if riding a motorcycle) did so every trip.

Learner drivers, P-platers and unlicenced drivers did not differ in their rates of seatbelt/helmet use.

Almost 4% of teens had driven while under the influence of alcohol or drugs in the past year.

About one in 10 teens had been the passenger of a driver who was under the influence in the past year.

Teenagers who drank alcohol or used marijuana were more likely to engage in all types of risky driving.
Although the road toll has significantly decreased in recent decades, more than 1,000 people are killed on Australian roads each year; and over 30,000 are seriously injured (Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics [BITRE], 2018). Young drivers continue to be over-represented among road crash victims - more than one in five drivers killed in 2016 were aged 17-25 years (BITRE, 2018), and one in four drivers seriously injured belonged to this age group (BITRE, 2019).
Drivers are at their highest risk of being involved in a crash during their first year of driving unsupervised (Lee, Simons-Morton, Klauer, Ouimet, & Dingus, 2011; VicRoads, 2005). A range of factors have been linked to the higher rate of injuries and deaths among young drivers. These include driver inexperience (Braitman, Kirley, McCartt & Chaudhary, 2008), risky driving behaviours such as speeding and driving without a seatbelt (Ivers et al., 2009), driving more frequently at high-risk times (e.g. at night), and driving smaller and/or older vehicles with fewer safety features (CARRS-Q, 2017).
Research suggests that the areas of the brain concerned with impulse control, planning and decision making are still developing in teenagers, which may contribute to their engagement in risky or impulsive behaviours (Paus, 2005; Sowell, Thompson, Holmes, Jernigan, & Toga, 1999). Inexperienced drivers commonly underestimate the risks associated with particular driving behaviours or situations and overestimate their capacity to deal with them, which can result in them driving in a dangerous manner (Braitman et al., 2008, Cavallo & Triggs, 1996). As peer relationships are particularly important to teens, young drivers may also perceive greater peer pressure to take risks on the road compared to older drivers (Scott-Parker, Watson, King, & Hyde, 2014).
While a number of Australian studies have looked at risky driving among young drivers (e.g. Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development and Cities, 2018; Ivers et al., 2009; Scott-Parker & Oviedo-Trespalacios, 2017), each study has examined different age groups and used different measures, making it difficult to obtain a consistent picture of how common risky driving is among young drivers. Few studies have specifically looked at the prevalence of risky driving among learner drivers, presumably because crash rates are lower among this group, as most learner drivers are driving in low-risk supervised conditions (Williams, 2006). Nevertheless, this is an important period in young people's driving careers - when driving habits and attitudes are being formed and they may be more receptive to change.
In 2016, when aged 16-17, LSAC study teenagers (K cohort) were asked about their experiences of risky driving. At this age, many would be expected to be learning to drive, or just starting to drive independently, as many teenagers take up the opportunity to learn to drive as soon as they are permitted to. This chapter provides a snapshot of adolescents' engagement in risky driving behaviours, with comparisons made between learner, provisional and unlicensed drivers. Four main types of risky driving are examined: (1) speeding; (2) driving when fatigued ('drowsy driving'); (3) driving when affected by alcohol or illegal drugs ('drink or drug driving'), and (4) driving without a seatbelt/helmet (if riding a motorcycle). Characteristics associated with the engagement in risky driving behaviours are also examined. Study teenagers' experiences of being a passenger of a driver under the influence of alcohol or drugs are also investigated.
In most Australian states and territories, young people can start learning to drive a car under supervision at age 16, and can obtain a provisional or probationary car licence (P-plates) at age 17. The exceptions to this are the Australian Capital Territory, where teenagers can start learning to drive a car at 15 years 9 months; the Northern Territory where drivers can get their P-plates as early as 16 years 6 months; and Victoria, where drivers cannot obtain their P-plates until age 18.
In 2016, when the K cohort were aged 16-17, they were asked whether they held a licence or permit to drive a car or other vehicle (including a motorcycle or moped). Respondents were asked to choose the option that applied best to them:
The LSAC data show that for 16-17 year olds in 2016 (n = 2,929):
Young people's age, where they lived, whether they had a job and if they were still at school were related to the type of licence they held (Table 6.1). Compared to those who were not employed, a higher proportion of teenagers who had a job had their P-plates or were learning to drive.
Notes: n = 2,929 for all measures except education (n = 2,863) and employment (n = 2,880). Percentages may not add exactly to 100% due to rounding. ref. = reference category. * indicates significant difference (at the 5% level) in the percentage of drivers within a licence status category (e.g. learner drivers) that reported a particular characteristic compared to the reference category, based on confidence intervals. Where 95% confidence intervals for the groups being compared do not overlap, this indicates that the differences in values are statistically significant. # Estimate not reliable (cell count <20).
Source: LSAC Wave 7, K cohort, weighted
The percentage of learner and P-plate drivers in each state or territory differed in line with their licensing schemes, with the highest percentage of P-platers from the Northern Territory (which has the lowest minimum licensing age), and the highest percentage of learner drivers from Victoria (which has the highest minimum licensing age). It is important to note that as the proportion of P-platers and learner drivers from each state and territory differed, the findings reported in this chapter may be more representative of drivers in some states or territories than others.3
The area in which a teen lived was also related to the type of licence they held. One in seven teens living in inner regional areas had their P-plates compared to about one in 10 teens in major cities, and about one in four teens living in major cities were unlicensed compared to only one in seven in outer regional or remote areas. Poorer access to public transport in regional and remote areas (Rosier & McDonald, 2011) may have contributed to these differences.
Risky driving behaviours often contribute to road crashes (Scott-Parker & Oviedo-Trespalacios, 2017). As mentioned earlier, given the lack of research, there is a need for more studies examining the prevalence of risky driving among young Australian drivers, and more specifically, those in the very early stages of their driving careers.
Three risky driving behaviours that place young people at particularly high risk of being involved in serious crashes are:
Additionally, driving without a seatbelt (or helmet if riding a motorcycle), places drivers and passengers at greater risk of being injured or killed, if they are in a crash. An American study found that almost half of all 16-year-old drivers involved in a fatal motor vehicle crash had not been wearing a seatbelt (Gonzales, Dickinson, DiGuiseppi, & Lowenstein, 2005).
In 2016, LSAC study teenagers in the K cohort (aged 16-17) were asked: 'Try to remember the last 10 times you drove a car or other vehicle. On how many occasions have you done any of the following?
Items taken from the Australian Temperament Project (Vassallo et al., 2007).
Most P-platers (almost eight in 10) and more than half of learner drivers aged 16-17 had engaged in some form of risky driving on at least one of their 10 most recent driving trips (Table 6.2).
P-platers were significantly more likely than learner drivers to engage in most forms of risky driving, which is not surprising when you consider that learner drivers (except motorcyclists) are required to drive under supervision and typically have less exposure to high-risk driving situations (e.g. driving at night, or when distracted by friends or mobile phones) that may lead to them engaging in dangerous driving behaviours (Whelan & Oxley, 2007).
Additionally, more than one in 10 teenagers without a licence or permit had engaged in some form of risky driving behaviour on a recent driving trip, although rates of most behaviours were low among this group. This group may have included teenagers who had never held a licence or learner's permit and those whose licence or permit had been cancelled or suspended.4
The most common types of risky driving among drivers aged 16-17 years were speeding and driving when very tired (Table 6.2). About seven in 10 P-platers and four in 10 learner drivers said that they had exceeded the speed limit by up to 10 km/h on at least one recent trip, as had one in 15 unlicensed drivers. Speeding - even by low margins - places drivers at increased risk of being involved in a crash (Alavi, Keleher, & Nieuwesteeg, 2014). While this behaviour may be deliberate, it may also result from driver inattention (Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure, 2010) or difficulties maintaining vehicle speed - an issue more common among inexperienced drivers (Cavallo & Triggs, 1996).
Speeding by moderate levels (10-25 km/h) was also relatively common. About one in three P-platers and one in six learner drivers aged 16-17 had exceeded the speed limit by this margin. However, few unlicensed drivers (less than one in 20) reported that they had.
One in two P-platers and one in four learner drivers reported having driven when very tired on a recent trip. Once again, this may not be due to deliberate risk-taking on the part of these drivers. It may reflect their busy lifestyles, with many young people juggling work, study and/or extracurricular commitments, and driving at night to get to and from work or to socialise (CARRS-Q, 2017). 'Drowsy driving' was very uncommon among unlicensed drivers.
Drove between 10 and 25km/h over the limit
Drove more than 25km/h over the limit
Drove when probably affected by alcohol
Drove when probably affected by an illegal drug
Did not wear a seat belt at all (or helmet if riding motorbike)
Did not wear your seat belt for part of the trip
(or helmet if riding motorbike)
Notes: Sample was restricted to those respondents who answered all eight risky driving questions. a Indicates significant difference (at the 5% level) in the percentage of learner drivers or P-platers who reported engaging in the risky driving behaviour (as compared to the percentage of those without a licence/permit), based on confidence intervals. Where 95% confidence intervals for the groups being compared do not overlap, this indicates that the differences in values are statistically significant. b Indicates significant difference (at the 5% level) in the percentage of P-platers and learner drivers who reported engaging in the risky driving behaviour, based on confidence intervals. # Estimate not reliable (cell count <20).
Source: LSAC Wave 7, K cohort, weighted
Figure 6.1: 16-17 year olds who engaged in risky driving on at least one of their 10 most recent trips
Credit: Longitudinal Study of Australian Children 2019 (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/(link is external))
While most 16-17 year olds reported wearing their seatbelt when driving (or helmet if riding a motorcycle), 6-8% had driven without a seatbelt (or helmet) at all; and a similar percentage (6-9%) had driven without a seatbelt (or helmet) for part of a trip. Although it is difficult to make comparisons between the LSAC findings and other studies due to sample and measure differences, these rates are similar to those found in other Australian studies. For instance, 8% of Queensland drivers reported not wearing seatbelts (Department of Transport and Main Roads, 2015) as did 9% of Victorian drivers aged 19-20 (Vassallo et al., 2007).
While failure to wear a seatbelt or helmet may indicate deliberate risk-taking by the driver, seatbelt use is largely considered to be habitual (CARRS-Q, 2016). It was interesting to note that P-platers, learner drivers and teenagers without a licence or learner's permit did not significantly differ in their rates of seatbelt (or helmet) use. Unfortunately, information was not collected on the contexts in which these risky behaviours occurred; that is, whether parents or friends were present when this behaviour took place. Research suggests that parents and peers influence a young person's involvement in risky driving behaviour (Scott-Parker et al., 2014).
Other forms of risky driving such as drink and drug driving were uncommon, particularly among learner and unlicensed drivers, which is understandable given that alcohol and other drug use are prohibited among this age group, as is driving under the influence of these substances.
Half of 16-17 year olds (51%) had engaged in no risky driving behaviour.
The following section focuses on the frequency with which teens who engaged in a particular form of risky driving (e.g. drowsy driving), did so. As the percentage of 16-17 year olds who engaged in each behaviour varied greatly, so do the sample sizes for each item (see Table 6.2).
A considerable proportion of those who engaged in each risky driving behaviour (generally between 40% and 50%) only did so on one of their 10 most recent trips (Figure 6.2).
In contrast, a small but notable proportion engaged in these risky driving behaviours on every trip. For example, close to one in five teens who failed to wear a seatbelt at all when driving (or helmet if riding) had done so on all of their past 10 trips, as had one in six teens who had exceeded the speed limit by over 25 km/h. These findings suggest that engagement in risky driving behaviours such as speeding and driving without a seatbelt may be habitual for some.
Teens who engaged in low-level speeding and driving when affected by an illegal drug most commonly reported doing so on multiple trips.
While it would have been interesting to compare frequency of risky driving by licence type, we had concerns about the accuracy of the resulting estimates due to the small number of unlicensed and P-plate drivers who had engaged in some forms of risky driving. Nevertheless, the information presented here is still valuable given the relative lack of Australian prevalence data on risky driving among this age group.
Figure 6.2: Number of trips (in past 10) by those who engaged in each risky driving behaviour
Note: Sample numbers varied between items, with the sample for each item being restricted to respondents who had engaged in the behaviour of interest at least once in their past 10 trips.
Source: LSAC Wave 7, K cohort, weighted
Credit: Longitudinal Study of Australian Children 2019 (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/(link is external))
Previous research suggests that young people who take risks on the road tend to differ from other drivers on various characteristics. A study of 1,135 young Australian drivers found that young people aged 19-20 who engaged in risky driving were more likely to be male; have a less persistent temperament style; be more aggressive and hyperactive; be less cooperative; engage in antisocial behaviour and have friends that also did so; react explosively or use drugs to cope with stress; and have experienced more problems at school and in their relationships with their parents (Vassallo et al., 2007).
Using LSAC data, the characteristics of 16-17 year olds who engaged in different types of risky driving (speeding, drowsy driving, not wearing a seatbelt or helmet while driving/riding and drink and drug driving) were examined. The findings discussed relate to all 16-17 year olds, regardless of licence type, due to concerns about the precision of separate estimates by licence type.5 Such information is nonetheless valuable, given the need for more Australian research on risky driving among teenagers.
While acknowledging that characteristics not available in the LSAC dataset may also be associated with risky driving behaviour (e.g. vehicle
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