Plato

Plato

From

The offers the current standard complete Greek text of Plato's complete works. In five volumes edited by , its first edition was published 1900–1907, and it is still available from the publisher, having last been printed in 1993.' of the Gorgias, which includes extensive English commentary.

The modern standard complete English edition is the 1997 Plato, Complete Works, edited by John M. Cooper.'s version of the Theaetetus.


Criticism

Despite Plato's prominence as a philosopher, he is not without criticism. The most famous criticism of Platonism is the . Plato actually considered this objection with "large" rather than man in the Parmenides dialogue.

Many recent philosophers have diverged from what some would describe as the models and ideals characteristic of traditional Platonism. A number of these postmodern philosophers have thus appeared to disparage Platonism from more or less informed perspectives. notoriously attacked Plato's "idea of the good itself" along with many fundamentals of Christian morality, which he interpreted as "Platonism for the masses" in one of his most important works, (1886). argued against Plato's alleged obfuscation of in his incomplete tome, (1927), and the philosopher of science argued in (1945) that Plato's alleged proposal for a political regime in the was prototypically .

The Dutch historian of science criticizes Plato, stating that he was guilty of "constructing an imaginary nature by reasoning from preconceived principles and forcing reality more or less to adapt itself to this construction."


Legacy

In the arts

was created in the villa of in , around 100 BC to 100 CE. by features Plato also as a central figure. The depicts Plato and other as anachronistic schoolmen.


In philosophy


Plato's thought is often compared with that of his most famous student, Aristotle, whose reputation during the Western so completely eclipsed that of Plato that the philosophers referred to Aristotle as "the Philosopher". However, in the , the study of Plato continued.

The only Platonic work known to western scholarship was , until translations were made after the fall of , which occurred during 1453. brought Plato's original writings from Constantinople in the century of its fall. It is believed that Plethon passed a copy of the Dialogues to when in 1438 the , called to unify the Greek and Latin Churches, was adjourned to Florence, where Plethon then lectured on the relation and differences of Plato and Aristotle, and fired Cosimo with his enthusiasm; Cosimo would supply with Plato's text for translation to Latin. During the early Islamic era, and Arab scholars translated much of Plato into Arabic and wrote and interpretations on Plato's, Aristotle's and other Platonist philosophers' works (see , , , ). Many of these comments on Plato were translated from Arabic into Latin and as such influenced Medieval scholastic philosophers.[182]

During the , with the general resurgence of interest in classical civilization, knowledge of Plato's philosophy would become widespread again in the West. Many of the greatest early modern scientists and artists who broke with and fostered the flowering of the Renaissance, with the support of the Plato-inspired (grandson of Cosimo), saw Plato's philosophy as the basis for progress in the arts and sciences. His political views, too, were well-received: the vision of wise philosopher-kings of the Republic matched the views set out in works such as 's . More problematic was Plato's belief in metempsychosis as well as his ethical views (on and in particular), which did not match those of Christianity. It was Plethon's student who reconciled Plato with Christian theology, arguing that Plato's views were only ideals, unattainable due to the . were around in the 17th century.

By the 19th century, Plato's reputation was restored, and at least on par with Aristotle's. Notable Western philosophers have continued to draw upon Plato's work since that time. Plato's influence has been especially strong in mathematics and the sciences. Plato's resurgence further inspired some of the greatest advances in logic since Aristotle, primarily through and his followers , , and . suggested that the scientist who takes philosophy seriously would have to avoid systematization and take on many different roles, and possibly appear as a Platonist or Pythagorean, in that such a one would have "the viewpoint of logical simplicity as an indispensable and effective tool of his research."


"The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato." (Alfred North Whitehead, , 1929).

The political philosopher and professor is considered by some as the prime thinker involved in the recovery of Platonic thought in its more political, and less metaphysical, form. Strauss' political approach was in part inspired by the appropriation of Plato and Aristotle by medieval and , especially and , as opposed to the Christian metaphysical tradition that developed from . Deeply influenced by Nietzsche and Heidegger, Strauss nonetheless rejects their condemnation of Plato and looks to the dialogues for a solution to what all three latter day thinkers acknowledge as 'the crisis of the West.'

dubbed the problem of negative existentials "". dubbed the problem of knowledge . One author calls the the Socratic fallacy.[ ]

More broadly, platonism (sometimes distinguished from Plato's particular view by the lowercase) refers to the view that there are many abstract objects. Still to this day, platonists take number and the truths of mathematics as the best support in favour of this view. Most mathematicians think, like platonists, that numbers and the truths of mathematics are perceived by reason rather than the senses yet exist independently of minds and people, that is to say, they are discovered rather than invented.

Contemporary platonism is also more open to the idea of there being infinitely many abstract objects, as numbers or propositions might qualify as abstract objects, while ancient Platonism seemed to resist this view, possibly because of the need to overcome the problem of "the One and the Many". Thus e. g. in the Parmenides dialogue, Plato denies there are Forms for more mundane things like hair and mud. However, he repeatedly does support the idea that there are Forms of artifacts, e. g. the Form of Bed. Contemporary platonism also tends to view abstract objects as unable to cause anything, but it's unclear whether the ancient Platonists felt this way.


See also





  1. , political, , and issues, armed with a distinctive method—can be called his invention."[3]



  3. . According to Favorinus, Ariston, Plato's family, and his family were sent by Athens to settle as (colonists retaining their Athenian citizenship), on the island of Aegina, from which they were expelled by the Spartans after Plato's birth there., Aegina was silently left under Athens' control, and it was not until the summer of 411 that the Spartans overran the island.

  4. ; according to this tradition the god was born this day. celebrated Plato's birth on November 7. estimates that Plato was born when Diotimos was , namely between July 29, 428 BC and July 24, 427 BC. Greek philologist Ioannis Kalitsounakis believes that he was born on May 26 or 27, 427 BC.

  5. , some have held that "Glaucon and Adeimantus were uncles of Plato, but decides for the usual view that they were brothers."[28]

  6. and

  7. analysed in 2019 may suggest that Plato was enslaved earlier than was previously believed.[55]

  8. the Cyrenaic philosopher.



  10. describes this in the last part of his final (VI, 9) entitled On the Good, or the One (Περὶ τἀγαθοῦ ἢ τοῦ ἑνός). Jens Halfwassen states in (2006) that "Plotinus' ontology—which should be called Plotinus' —is a rather accurate philosophical renewal and continuation of Plato's unwritten doctrine, i.e. the doctrine rediscovered by Krämer and Gaiser."

  11. writes: "The main goal of the divine Plato ... is to show one principle of things, which he called the One (τὸ ἕν)", cf. , p. 147.

  12. . A more detailed analysis is given by . Another description is by and . A thorough analysis of the consequences of such an approach is given by . Another supporter of this interpretation is the German philosopher , cf. or . is also sympathetic towards it, cf. and . Gadamer's final position on the subject is stated in .

  13. , in his work The Myths of Plato.





  1. ^ Ragland-Sullivan, Ellie (Fall 1989). "Plato's Symposium and the Lacanian Theory of Transference: Or, What Is Love?". The South Atlantic Quarterly. Duke University Press. 88: 740.
  2. . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2014.CS1 maint: ref=harv ()

  3. ,
  4. ^ .

  5. ^ Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S., eds. (1997): "Introduction".
  6. , p. 53
    • , p. 46

  7. ^ Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Plato, I

  8. ^ , p. 10
    • , p. xiv
    • , p. 47

  9. ^ Apuleius, De Dogmate Platonis, 1
    • Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Plato, I
    • "Plato". Suda.

  10. ^ Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Plato, III

  11. • Thucydides,

  12. ^ "Plato". Suda.

  13. ^ Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Plato, II
  14. ^ at the

  15. ^ "Plato". Encyclopaedic Dictionary The Helios Volume V (in Greek). 1952.
  16. , , I, 36


  17. • , p. 47

  18. . www.perseus.tufts.edu. from the original on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2016.

  19. 25 December 2007 at the

  20. , p. 53
    • , p. xiv


  21. • , pp. 228–229


  22. • Plutarch, Pericles,

  23. and Gorgias 25 December 2007 at the


  25. ^ , Plato's Cratylus, Cambridge University Press 2003, 3 March 2016 at the .

  26. ^ Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Plato, IV

  27. , p. 135

  28. ^ Seneca, Epistulae, VI 58:29-30; translation by Robert Mott Gummere
  29. ^ see , p. 226.

  30. ^ Apuleius, De Dogmate Platonis, 2

  31. , p. 393

  32. ^ Diogenes Laërtius, Life of Plato, V

  33. 25 December 2007 at the

  34.  978-0-415-07310-3.
  35. . NPR.org. from the original on 5 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.

  36. 28 April 2014 at the

  37. ^ Seneca, Epistulae, VI, 58, 31: natali suo decessit et annum umum atque octogensimum.
  38. ^ Metaphysics, 1.6.1 (987a)

  39. ^ Tusc. Disput. 1.17.39.

  40. ^ McFarlane, Thomas J. . Integralscience. from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.

  41. . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.

  42. ^ R.M. Hare, Plato in C.C.W. Taylor, R.M. Hare and Jonathan Barnes, Greek Philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999 (1982), 103–189, here 117–119.

  43.  978-0-415-07854-2.

  44. , p. 86

  45. ^ Large, William. . Arasite. from the original on 6 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2017.

  46. . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.

  47. ^ Second Letter 341c
  48. ^ Metaphysics 987b1–11

  49. ^ McPherran, M.L. (1998). The Religion of Socrates. Penn State Press. p. 268.

  50. . Ancient History Encyclopedia. from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2019.

  51. & Timaeus 70
  52. ^ Theaetetus 156a
  53. ^ Theaetetus 201c–d



  56. ^ Republic 473c–d

  57. ^ Republic 475c









  63. ^ Phaedrus (265a–c)

  64. .

  65. . Cf. p. 14 and onwards.

  66. . Cf. pp. 38–47.

  67. ^ Physics 209b

  68. ^ Phaedrus 276c

  69. ^ Seventh Letter 344c

  70. ^ Seventh Letter 341c

  71. ^ Seventh Letter 344d

  72. , p. 5.

  73. ^ Metaphysics 987b
  74. ^ Apology 33d–34a

  75. ^ Apology38b

  76. ^ Phaedo 59b

  77. ^ Theaetetus 210d

  78. ^ Euthyphro 2a–b

  79. ^ Meno 94e–95a

  80. ^ Gorgias 521e–522a

  81. ^ Republic 7.517e

  82. ^ Apology 19b, c

  83. . Open University. Retrieved 20 August 2017.

  84. :.  2707185.

  85. . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.

  86. . Bachelor and Master. from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  87. ^ Hartz, Louis. 1984. A Synthesis of World History. Zurich: Humanity Press
  88. ^ Lysis 213a

  89. ^ Republic 3.403b

  90. , p. 5

  91. ^ Theaetetus 142c–143b

  92. ^ Theaetetus 143c
  93. 24 December 2016 at the , Hackett Publishing, 2012  1-60384-917-3.

  94. 24 December 2016 at the , Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014  1-4725-0485-2.

  95. 23 December 2016 at the (edited by 15 April 2015 at the ), Penn State Press, 2010  0-271-04481-0.

  96. 1 April 2019 at the , Hackett Publishing, 1997.

  97. 24 December 2016 at the , Cornell University Press, 2000  .
  98. ; ; ; ; .

  99. harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFKraut2013 (); ; and .
  100. 25 December 2007 at the .

  101. ^ , p. 251.

  102. , p. 77.
  103. , 24 September 2015 at the .

  104. , pp. v–vi.
  105. , pp. 64 & 74. See also , p. 34: "... primary MSS. together offer a text of tolerably good quality" (this is without the further corrections of other sources).
  106. . 2 March 2012. Archived from on 2 March 2012.
  107. 23 December 2016 at the  1-60384-612-3.

  108. 23 December 2016 at the , University Press of America, 1991  0-8191-8356-3.

  109. 22 December 2016 at the edited by K Ierodiakonou (Oxford University Press, 2004)  0-19-926971-8.
  110. 23 December 2016 at the , Brill, 1990  90-04-09161-0.
  111. ^ Platonis opera quae extant omnia edidit Henricus Stephanus, Genevae, 1578.
  112. 11 January 2012 at the . Oxford University Press

  113. . Cambridge University Press

  114. . Cambridge University Press
  115. 11 January 2012 at the

  116. 11 January 2012 at the . Oxford University Press

  117. 13 April 2012 at the

  118. (1969). The mechanization of the world picture. Translated by C. Dikshoorn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 69.

  119. ^ Dijksterjuis, Eduard Jan (1969). The mechanization of the world picture. Translated by C. Dikshoorn. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 118.

  120. 23 December 2016 at the Springer Science & Business, 1 January 2014, 374 pages, Volume 6 of History, philosophy and theory of the life sciences SpringerLink : Bücher  94-017-8774-3 [Retrieved 27 June 2015]
  121. and , pp. 33–45.

  122. . ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies. College of Staten Island, City University of New York. Archived from on 30 September 2003. Retrieved 9 February 2015.

Primary sources (Greek and Roman)



  • , De Dogmate Platonis, I. See original text in .

  • , . See original text in .

  • , . See original text in .

  • , , I. See original text in .

  •   (1925). . . 1:3. Translated by (Two volume ed.). Loeb Classical Library.CS1 maint: ref=harv ()

  • Plato. . Translated by – via . See original text in .

  • Plato. . Translated by – via . See original text in .

  • Plato (1903). . Translated by Burnet, John. Oxford University. republished by: Crane, Gregory (ed.). .

  • Plato. . Translated by – via . See original text in .

  • (1683) [written in the late 1st century]. . Lives. Translated by – via . See original text in .

  • . . Translated by Richard Mott Gummere – via . See original text in .

  • . . Translated by – via ., V, VIII. See original text in .

  • , . See original text in .


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  • Kochin, Michael S. (2002). Gender and Rhetoric in Plato's Political Thought. Cambridge Univ. Press.  978-0-521-80852-1.

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  • Lundberg, Phillip (2005). Tallyho – The Hunt for Virtue: Beauty, Truth and Goodness Nine Dialogues by Plato: Pheadrus, Lysis, Protagoras, Charmides, Parmenides, Gorgias, Theaetetus, Meno & Sophist. Authorhouse.  978-1-4184-4977-3.

  • Márquez, Xavier (2012) A Stranger's Knowledge: Statesmanship, Philosophy & Law in Plato's Statesman, Parmenides Publishing.  978-1-930972-79-7

  • Melchert, Norman (2002). . McGraw Hill.  978-0-19-517510-3.

  • Miller, Mitchell (2004). The Philosopher in Plato's Statesman. Parmenides Publishing.  978-1-930972-16-2

  • Mohr, Richard D. (2006). God and Forms in Plato – and other Essays in Plato's Metaphysics. Parmenides Publishing.  978-1-930972-01-8

  • Mohr, Richard D. (Ed.), Sattler, Barbara M. (Ed.) (2010) One Book, The Whole Universe: Plato's Timaeus Today, Parmenides Publishing.  978-1-930972-32-2

  • Moore, Edward (2007). Plato. Philosophy Insights Series. Tirril, Humanities-Ebooks.  978-1-84760-047-9

  • Nightingale, Andrea Wilson. (1995). , Cambridge University Press.  

  • publishes scholarly editions of Plato's Greek texts in the series, and some translations in the Clarendon Plato Series.

  • Patterson, Richard (Ed.), Karasmanis, Vassilis (Ed.), Hermann, Arnold (Ed.) (2013) Presocratics & Plato: Festschrift at Delphi in Honor of Charles Kahn, Parmenides Publishing.  978-1-930972-75-9

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  • has translated Plato's complete works.

  • 5 vols

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  • Zuckert, Catherine (2009). Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues, The University of Chicago Press,  978-0-226-99335-5

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