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WARNING: Always start with lower doses due to differences between individual body weight, tolerance, metabolism, and personal sensitivity. See responsible use section. It is not a recommendation and should be verified with other sources for accuracy. Amphetamine also known as alpha -methylphenethylamine , amfetamine , and speed is a stimulant substance of the phenethylamine class. Chemically, it is the parent compound of the substituted amphetamines , a group which includes a diverse range of substances like bupropion , phenmetrazine , MDMA , and DOx. Amphetamine acts by promoting the release of the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. Amphetamine was first synthesized in but its psychostimulant effects were not discovered until It was widely used to treat a wide range of ailments such as alcohol hangover, narcolepsy, depression, and weight reduction. Amphetamine is considered to be the quintessential member of the stimulant class due to its extensively studied effects and long history of clinical use. Subjective effects include stimulation , focus enhancement , motivation enhancement , increased libido , appetite suppression , and euphoria. It is usually taken orally, but can also be insufflated, injected, or administered rectally. Lower doses are commonly reported to increase focus and productivity while higher doses tend to increase sociability, sexual desire, and euphoria. Recreational use of amphetamine is associated with abuse and dependence. It is highly advised to use harm reduction practices if using this substance. In late , Smith, Kline and French began selling amphetamine in the form of a decongestant inhaler under the name Benzedrine. During World War II, amphetamine and methamphetamine were used extensively by both the Allied and Axis forces for their stimulant and performance-enhancing effects. Amphetamine is still illegally synthesized and sold on the black market, primarily in European countries. During , approximately 5. Amphetamine, also known as alpha -methylphenethylamine, is a synthetic substance of the phenethylamine family. Attention disorders are often treated using Adderall or a generic equivalent, a formulation of mixed amphetamine salts that contain both racemic-amphetamine, in the sulfate and aspartate monohydrate salt forms, and enantiopure dextroamphetamine, in the sulfate and saccharate salt forms, mixed to yield a final ratio of 3 parts dextroamphetamine to 1 part levoamphetamine. At room temperature, the pure free base of amphetamine is a mobile, colorless, and volatile liquid with a characteristically strong amine odor, and acrid, burning taste. Amphetamine is a chiral compound. Racemic amphetamine dl -amphetamine contains two optical isomers, or enantiomers:. Amphetamine exerts its behavioral effects by increasing the signaling activity of neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine in the reward and executive function pathways of the brain. The reinforcing and motivational effects of amphetamine are mostly due to enhanced dopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway. Dextroamphetamine is a more potent agonist of TAAR1 than levoamphetamine. Disclaimer: The effects listed below are cited from the Subjective Effect Index SEI , which relies on assorted anecdotal reports and the personal experiences of PsychonautWiki contributors. As a result, they should be taken with a healthy amount of skepticism. Likewise, adverse effects become much more likely on higher doses and may include serious injury or death. There are currently no anecdotal reports which describe the effects of this compound within our experience index. Additional experience reports can be found here:. As of March , there is no evidence that amphetamine is directly neurotoxic in humans. In rodents and primates, sufficiently high doses of amphetamine causes damage to dopamine neurons, characterized as reduced transporter and receptor function. It is strongly recommended that one use harm reduction practices when using this substance. Amphetamine has a high abuse potential and can cause dependence with chronic use. When dependence has developed, cravings and withdrawal effects may occur if use is suddenly discontinued. Addiction is a serious risk with heavy recreational amphetamine use, but is unlikely to arise from typical medical use. Tolerance to many of the effects of amphetamine develops with prolonged and repeated use. This results in users having to administer increasingly large doses to achieve the same effects. Upon single administration, it takes about 3 - 7 days for the tolerance to be reduced to half and 1 - 2 weeks to be back at baseline in the absence of further consumption. Amphetamine presents cross-tolerance with all dopaminergic stimulants , meaning that after the consumption of amphetamine most stimulants will have a reduced effect. Severe amphetamine overdose can result in a stimulant psychosis that may present with a variety of symptoms e. Although many psychoactive substances are reasonably safe to use on their own, they can quickly become dangerous or even life-threatening when combined with other substances. The list below includes some known dangerous combinations although it cannot be guaranteed to include all of them. Independent research e. Google , DuckDuckGo should always be conducted to ensure that a combination of two or more substances is safe to consume. Some interactions listed have been sourced from TripSit. Summary sheet: Amphetamine Amphetamine. Physical effects. Visual effects. Cognitive effects. After effects. Main article: Stimulant psychosis. Pharmacologic mechanisms of crystal meth. Canadian Medical Association Journal , 13 , Amphetamine, past and present—a pharmacological and clinical perspective. Journal of Psychopharmacology , 27 6 , Central nervous system stimulants: historical aspects and clinical effects. In Stimulants pp. Springer, Boston, MA. In: Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft zu Berlin; PMID Allied Sci. Vermont Department of Health. Government of Vermont. Archived from the original on 5 October Retrieved 29 January June United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 18 August PubChem Compound. Retrieved 13 October ISBN Temperature Austin. The hyperthermia and the hypertension produced by high doses amphetamines are a primary cause of transient breakdowns in the blood-brain barrier BBB resulting in concomitant regional neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in laboratory animals. In animal models that evaluate the neurotoxicity of AMPH and METH, it is quite clear that hyperthermia is one of the essential components necessary for the production of histological signs of dopamine terminal damage and neurodegeneration in cortex, striatum, thalamus and hippocampus. Efficacy of psychostimulant drugs for amphetamine abuse or dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9. DOI: Stolerman IP, ed. Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology. Berlin; London: Springer. Treatment for amphetamine psychosis. New York: Oxford University Press. United Nations. Retrieved December 19, Office of Parliamentary Counsel. Reichsministerium des Innern. Retrieved December 25, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Navigation menu Personal tools Create account Log in. Namespaces Page Discussion. Views Read View source View history. Community Network YouTube Good vibes. Summary sheet: Amphetamine.