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Cluny began as a small, remote monastery converted from a hunting lodge in 10th century Burgundy, but during the 11th and 12th centuries it was one of the richest and most influential institutions in Christendom. It was an engine of religious reform in its early days when many daughter priories and abbeys were established or absorbed throughout Europe. But as it grew in wealth and influence, it became the target of reform itself. The author focuses on the personalities that established and shaped Cluny and shows convincingly how they built an unequalled network of monasteries, grew the wealth of Cluny itself and influenced popes and kings. Large sections are devoted to Abbots Hugh of the 11th century and Peter the Venerable of the early 12th century. Hugh brought masons from Italy to built the Romanesque abbey church, which was the largest church built to that time and remained so until St. Peter’s in Rome was built 400 years later. Whether this was the first instance of Romanesque architecture is uncertain, but it was the stimulus for the spread of the style. Both Hugh and Peter were instrumental in promoting the first two Crusades.As Cluny matured, the initial motivation to seek out lives of poverty and prayer was subverted by the attractions of wealth and ease. During the 12th century this provoked an extended confrontation between Peter the Venerable and Bernard of Clairvaux who was leading the next phase of monastic reforms. The book also includes an interesting chapter on how Peter developed supportive relationships with Abelard and Heloise.Further chapters show how the popularity of pilgrimages, particularly to Santiago de Campostello and relations with kings, especially those of England and Spain enriched Cluny and a concluding chapter synopsizes the decline of Cluny until it was destroyed in the French revolution. The book is written in a journalistic style, not as academic history. It tells the story well but leaves questions that bear deeper examination. The subtitle, “In Search of God’s Lost Empire” causes the reader to desire more discussion of the theological motivation behind the accumulation of wealth and power in a purportedly spiritual establishment. One wishes for more discussion of how the abbots themselves felt about the increasing wealth and dilution of spirituality. The author also points out that little is known of how the network of hundreds of properties were actually administered. The brief coverage of the time period from A.D. 1250 to 1600 hints at both decline and continued wealth and influence, which only piques the imagination without satisfying. There are no footnotes as befits the narrative style, but there is a substantial bibliography for those who desire to read further.
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