Guatemala
GuatemalaГватемала - столица государства Гватемала. В городе сейчас проживают более 1,1 млн. человек. Археологи утверждают, что на территории современной Гватемалы когда-то давно существовал город индейцев майя под названием Каминальхуйу. Официальный язык. В Гватемале один официальный язык – испанский. Религия. % населения являются католиками, около 40% - это протестанты, а 3% - православные христиане. Государственное устройство. Согласно действующей.
Anonymous comments are disabled in this journal. Your IP address will be recorded. Log in No account? Create an account. Remember me. Facebook Twitter Google. Ilya Varlamov varlamov. Previous Share Flag Next. Очень легко запомнить. Сама Гватемала, которая страна, приятно удивила. Первая страна в Центральной Америке, где мне захотелось побыть подольше и даже вернуться еще раз. В ближайшие дни расскажу подробнее. А сегодня про столицу. В первую очередь она интересна тем, что здесь есть свой фирменный цвет - салатовый. Все муниципальное имущество выкрашено в салатовый цвет - киоски информации и бордюры, автобусы и пожарные машины, информационные плакаты и конусы дорожных рабочих. Очень необычно и стильно смотрится. А еще здесь на улицах каждый день убивают 5 человек - Гватемала один из самых опасных городов мира. Гватемала оказалась очень крутым городом. Он заметно богаче столиц соседних государств, здесь много современных зданий, хороших отелей и ресторанов. Это, кстати, не мешает Гватемале быть одним из самых опасных городов в мире. Трущобы Гватемалы. Здесь есть своя Эйфелева башня. Центр города. В городе много мотоциклистов. Они часто дергают сумочки и камеры у зазевавшихся туристов. В Гватемале на каждые тысяч человек происходит 90 убийств. Это 41 процент от всех преступлений происходящих в стране. Гватемала разделен на 22 района и их них только 3 считаются относительно безопасными для туристов. Кстати, здесь есть интересная примета, когда кого-то убивают на улице, рядом ставят стакан с водой - умерший может напиться из этого стакана, перед тем как попадет в рай. Полиция особо не церемонится с бандитами, иногда приходится расстреливать целые автобусы. Вход в каждый приличный магазин охраняет человек с ружьем. В центре города дежурят военные. Местная полиция очень дружелюбная и милая. Посмотрите, какие у них забавные шапочки! Ни один полицейский не запрещал его снимать. Просто чудо. Один из самых низких показателей в мире. Полицейские гоняют на велосипедах по выделенным полосам для автобусов. В городе существует необычный городской вид транспорта — трансметро, по которому курсируют длинные зелёные автобусы 2 ветки, более 20 станций. Про это будет отдельный пост. Кстати, обратите внимание на то, что все салатовое - это фирменный цвет Гватемалы. Салатовые бордюры, салатовая форма у полицейского, салатовые автобусы. Салатовые мусоровозы. Вот на таких машинках полиция передвигается по центру города. Все в фирменной раскраске. Муниципальный грузовик тоже салатовый. Салатовый автобус. Еще в городе много рекламы. Вот совсем много. Она многоуровневая и занимает все место вдоль дорог. Нагромождения рекламных щитов. Еще одной особенностью Гватемалы являются столбы. На перекрестке их может быть понатыкано с десяток. Все дело в том, что столбы тут частные и принадлежат разным компаниям. Нельзя свой провод вешать на чужой столб, поэтому каждый ставит для себя свои столбы. В итоге получается такой лес. Муниципальные столбы зеленые, в них встроена плиточка с гербом. Очень трогательно, люблю такие детали. У каждого столба есть номер. Все, что можно украсть, надежно защищено решетками. Подсветка рекламного щита выглядит так. В Гватемале запрещено законом курить в помещениях. По всей стране. Иногда мусор вывозят в обычных грузовиках. В таком случае его собирают в гигантские мешки. Единственная страна в мире, где зебра на дороге - это зебра, а не безликие полоски на самом деле нет. Другие отчеты из этого путешествия: День 1. Панама, Панама. День 2. Национальный парк Чагрес, Панамский канал, Панама День 3. Рождественский парад в Давиде, Панама День 4. Из Панамы в Коста-Рику День 5. Сан-Хосе и окрестности. Коста-Рика День 6. Национальный парк Аренал, Коста-Рика День 7. Никарагуа День 8. Манагуа, Никарагуа День 9. Дорога в Гондурас День Тегусигальпа, Гондурас День 11 и Гондурас День Новый год в Сан-Сальвадор, Эль-Сальвадор! День Сальвадор, 1 января День Сан-Сальвадор, Эль-Сальвадор Чтобы сделать перепост, нажмите на одну из кнопочек ниже:. Реклама в этом блоге. По рекламе пишите reklama varlamov. Ежемесячная аудитория — более 2 млн. Для тех, кто просто хочет скачать прайс, есть эта ссылка. Для тех, кто хочет посмотреть полную презентацию со…. Post a new comment Error Anonymous comments are disabled in this journal. We will log you in after post We will log you in after post We will log you in after post We will log you in after post We will log you in after post Anonymously. Your reply will be screened Your IP address will be recorded. Post a new comment. Preview comment.
Зеркало гидры онион Ченстохова
Guatemala, officially the Republic of Guatemala (Spanish: República de Guatemala), is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, Belize and the Caribbean to the northeast, Honduras to the east, El Salvador to the southeast and the Pacific Ocean to the south. With an estimated population of around million, it is the most populous country in Central America. Guatemala is a representative democracy; its capital and largest city is Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción, also.
ГВАТЕМАЛА, Республика Гватемала, самая северная из Центральноамериканских республик, занимает площадь кв. км. Граничит на севере и западе с Мексикой, на востоке с Белизом, на юге и юго-востоке – с Сальвадором и Гондурасом. На востоке Гватемала имеет узкий выход к Карибскому морю, где и находится один из главных портов Карибского побережья в Центральной Америке –.
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With an estimated population of around The territory of modern Guatemala once formed the core of the Maya civilization , which extended across Mesoamerica. Most of the country was conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century, becoming part of the viceroyalty of New Spain. Guatemala attained independence in as part of the Federal Republic of Central America , which dissolved by From the mid- to lateth century, Guatemala experienced chronic instability and civil strife. Beginning in the early 20th century, it was ruled by a series of dictators backed by the United Fruit Company and the United States government. In , the authoritarian leader Jorge Ubico was overthrown by a pro-democratic military coup, initiating a decade-long revolution that led to sweeping social and economic reforms. From to , Guatemala endured a bloody civil war fought between the US-backed government and leftist rebels, including genocidal massacres of the Maya population perpetrated by the military. This was the name the Tlaxcaltecan soldiers who accompanied Pedro de Alvarado during the Spanish Conquest gave to this territory. The first evidence of human habitation in Guatemala dates back to 12, BC. Evidence, such as obsidian arrowheads found in various parts of the country, suggests a human presence as early as 18, BC. This period is characterized by urbanisation, the emergence of independent city-states, and contact with other Mesoamerican cultures. This lasted until approximately AD, when the Classic Maya civilization collapsed. Their cities preserved many aspects of Maya culture. The Maya civilization shares many features with other Mesoamerican civilizations due to the high degree of interaction and cultural diffusion that characterized the region. Advances such as writing, epigraphy , and the calendar did not originate with the Maya; however, their civilization fully developed them. Many outside influences are found in Maya art and architecture, which are thought to be the result of trade and cultural exchange rather than direct external conquest. In , 60, uncharted structures were revealed by archaeologists with the help of Lidar technology lasers in northern Guatemala. Unlike previous assumptions, thanks to the new findings, archaeologists believe that million Maya people inhabited in northern Guatemala during the late classical period from to A. Lidar technology digitally removed the tree canopy to reveal ancient remains and showed that Maya cities like Tikal were bigger than previously assumed. Houses, palaces, elevated highways, and defensive fortifications were unearthed because of the Lidar. According to the archaeologist Stephen Houston, it is overwhelming finding in over years of Maya archaeology. After they arrived in the New World , the Spanish started several expeditions to Guatemala, beginning in Before long, Spanish contact resulted in an epidemic that devastated native populations. Alvarado later turned against the Kaqchikel, and eventually brought the entire region under Spanish domination. This city was destroyed by several earthquakes in — The King of Spain authorized moving the capital to its current location in the Ermita Valley, which is named after a Catholic church dedicated to the Virgen del Carmen. This new capital was founded on 2 January The Captaincy-general was dissolved two years later. It was not until that Guatemala created its own flag. The Carrera forces had to hide in the mountains. With just a few men left, he managed to escape, badly wounded, to Sanarate. He then prepared to attack Petapa near Guatemala City, where he was victorious, although with heavy casualties. In September of that year, Carrera attempted an assault on the capital of Guatemala, but the liberal general Carlos Salazar Castro defeated him in the fields of Villa Nueva and Carrera had to retreat. Meanwhile, despite insistent advice to definitively crush Carrera and his forces, Salazar tried to negotiate with him diplomatically; he even went as far as to show that he neither feared nor distrusted Carrera by removing the fortifications of the Guatemalan capital, in place since the battle of Villa Nueva. Salazar, in his nightshirt, vaulted roofs of neighboring houses and sought refuge, \\\[49\\\] \\\[50\\\] reaching the border disguised as a peasant. Between and a secessionist movement in the city of Quetzaltenango founded the breakaway state of Los Altos and sought independence from Guatemala. Without Los Altos, conservatives lost many of the resources that had given Guatemala hegemony in Central America. Settlers from Germany arrived in the midth century. German settlers acquired land and grew coffee plantations in Alta Verapaz and Quetzaltenango. On 21 March , Guatemala declared itself an independent republic and Carrera became its first president. During the first term as president, Carrera brought the country back from extreme conservatism to a traditional moderation; in , the liberals were able to drive him from office, after the country had been in turmoil for several months. When Carrera arrived to Chiantla in Huehuetenango , he received two altenses emissaries who told him that their soldiers were not going to fight his forces because that would lead to a native revolt, much like that of ; their only request from Carrera was to keep the natives under control. Zavala not only did not capture him, he agreed to serve under his orders, thus sending a strong message to both liberal and conservatives in Guatemala City that they would have to negotiate with Carrera or battle on two fronts — Quetzaltenango and Jalapa. Back in Guatemala City within a few months, Carrera was commander-in-chief, backed by military and political support of the Indian communities from the densely populated western highlands. After Carrera returned from exile in the president of El Salvador, Doroteo Vasconcelos , granted asylum to the Guatemalan liberals, who harassed the Guatemalan government in several different ways. By late , Vasconcelos was getting impatient at the slow progress of the war with Guatemala and decided to plan an open attack. Under that circumstance, the Salvadorean head of state started a campaign against the conservative Guatemalan regime, inviting Honduras and Nicaragua to participate in the alliance; only the Honduran government led by Juan Lindo accepted. In Carrera was declared 'supreme and perpetual leader of the nation' for life, with the power to choose his successor. He held that position until he died on 14 April While he pursued some measures to set up a foundation for economic prosperity to please the conservative landowners, military challenges at home and a three-year war with Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua dominated his presidency. At Coatepeque the Guatemalans suffered a severe defeat, which was followed by a truce. The contest was finally settled in favor of Carrera, who besieged and occupied San Salvador , and dominated Honduras and Nicaragua. He continued to act in concert with the Clerical Party , and tried to maintain friendly relations with European governments. Before he died, Carrera nominated his friend and loyal soldier, Army Marshall Vicente Cerna y Cerna , as his successor. A conservative and archaic government, badly organized and with worse intentions, was in charge of the country, centralizing all powers in Vicente Cerna, ambitious military man, who not happy with the general rank, had promoted himself to the Army Marshall rank, even though that rank did not exist and it does not exist in the Guatemalan military. The Marshall called himself President of the Republic, but in reality he was the foreman of oppressed and savaged people, cowardly enough that they had not dared to tell the dictator to leave threatening him with a revolution. The tight relationship between church and state had been ratified by the Concordat of , which was the law until Cerna was deposed in In , the merchants guild, Consulado de Comercio, lost their exclusive court privilege. They had major effects on the economics of the time, and therefore land management. From to , the Consulado held a consistent monopolistic position in the regime. During this era coffee became an important crop for Guatemala. Manuel Barillas was president from 16 March to 15 March Manuel Barillas was unique among liberal presidents of Guatemala between and he handed over power to his successor peacefully. When election time approached, he sent for the three Liberal candidates to ask them what their government plan would be. Reyna was elected president. He oversaw the rebuilding of parts of Guatemala City on a grander scale, with wide, Parisian-style avenues. During his second term, Barrios printed bonds to fund his ambitious plans, fueling monetary inflation and the rise of popular opposition to his regime. His administration also worked on improving the roads, installing national and international telegraphs and introducing electricity to Guatemala City. Completing a transoceanic railway was a main objective of his government, with a goal to attract international investors at a time when the Panama Canal was not built yet. There are two different descriptions of how Cabrera was able to become president. The first states that Cabrera entered the cabinet meeting 'with pistol drawn' to assert his entitlement to the presidency, \\\[75\\\] while the second states that he showed up unarmed to the meeting and demanded the presidency by virtue of being the designated successor. The first civilian Guatemalan head of state in over 50 years, Estrada Cabrera overcame resistance to his regime by August and called for elections in September, which he won handily. By the time Estrada Cabrera assumed the presidency there had been repeated efforts to construct a railroad from the major port of Puerto Barrios to the capital, Guatemala City. Estrada Cabrera decided, without consulting the legislature or judiciary, that striking a deal with the UFCO was the only way to finish the railway. Estrada Cabrera often employed brutal methods to assert his authority. Right at the beginning of his first presidential period he started prosecuting his political rivals and soon established a well-organized web of spies. One American ambassador returned to the United States after he learned the dictator had given orders to poison him. In Estrada faced serious revolts against his rule; the rebels were supported by the governments of some of the other Central American nations, but Estrada succeeded in putting them down. Elections were held by the people against the will of Estrada Cabrera and thus he had the president-elect murdered in retaliation. In Estrada narrowly survived an assassination attempt when a bomb exploded near his carriage. Guatemala City was badly damaged in the Guatemala earthquake. Estrada Cabrera continued in power until forced to resign after new revolts in By that time his power had declined drastically and he was reliant upon the loyalty of a few generals. While the United States threatened intervention if he was removed through revolution, a bipartisan coalition came together to remove him from the presidency. He was removed from office after the national assembly charged that he was mentally incompetent, and appointed Carlos Herrera in his place on 8 April The Great Depression began in and badly damaged the Guatemalan economy, causing a rise in unemployment , and leading to unrest among workers and laborers. Afraid of a popular revolt, the Guatemalan landed elite lent their support to Jorge Ubico , who had become well known for 'efficiency and cruelty' as a provincial governor. Ubico won the election that followed in , in which he was the only candidate. He replaced the system of debt peonage with a brutally enforced vagrancy law, requiring all men of working age who did not own land to work a minimum of days of hard labor. Ubico also froze wages at very low levels, and passed a law allowing land-owners complete immunity from prosecution for any action they took to defend their property, \\\[87\\\] an action described by historians as legalizing murder. These laws created tremendous resentment against him among agricultural laborers. He granted the company , hectares , acres of public land in exchange for a promise to build a port, a promise he later waived. It also controlled the sole railroad in the country, the sole facilities capable of producing electricity, and the port facilities at Puerto Barrios on the Atlantic coast. Ubico saw the United States as an ally against the supposed communist threat of Mexico, and made efforts to gain its support. When the US declared war against Germany in , Ubico acted on American instructions and arrested all people in Guatemala of German descent. He militarized numerous political and social institutions—including the post office, schools, and symphony orchestras—and placed military officers in charge of many government posts. On 1 July Ubico was forced to resign from the presidency in response to a wave of protests and a general strike inspired by brutal labor conditions among plantation workers. About people were killed in the coup. New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. Despite their popularity within the country, the reforms of the Guatemalan Revolution were disliked by the United States government, which was predisposed by the Cold War to see it as communist, and the United Fruit Company UFCO , whose hugely profitable business had been affected by the end to brutal labor practices. Eisenhower was elected U. Ydigoras authorized the training of 5, anti- Castro Cubans in Guatemala. In , the junta called an election, which permitted Arevalo to return from exile and run. However a coup from within the military, backed by the Kennedy Administration , prevented the election from taking place, and forestalled a likely victory for Arevalo. Mendez Montenegro was the candidate of the Revolutionary Party, a center-left party that had its origins in the post-Ubico era. Those groups were the forerunners of the infamous ' Death Squads '. Military advisers from the United States Army Special Forces Green Berets were sent to Guatemala to train these troops and help transform the army into a modern counter-insurgency force, which eventually made it the most sophisticated in Central America. By , members of the guerrilla movement entered the country from Mexico and settled in the Western Highlands. On 4 February , a major earthquake destroyed several cities and caused more than 25, deaths, especially among the poor, whose housing was substandard. They began guerrilla attacks that included urban and rural warfare, mainly against the military and some civilian supporters of the army. The army and the paramilitary forces responded with a brutal counter-insurgency campaign that resulted in tens of thousands of civilian deaths. The Guatemalan government armed forces launched an assault that killed almost everyone inside in a fire that consumed the building. The Guatemalan government claimed that the activists set the fire, thus immolating themselves. As a result, the government of Spain broke off diplomatic relations with Guatemala. He continued the bloody campaign of torture, forced disappearances , and ' scorched earth ' warfare. The Mexican government placed the refugees in camps in Chiapas and Tabasco. The Guatemalan Civil War ended in with a peace accord between the guerrillas and the government, negotiated by the United Nations through intense brokerage by nations such as Norway and Spain. Both sides made major concessions. The guerrilla fighters disarmed and received land to work. According to the U. In the last few years, millions of documents related to crimes committed during the civil war have been found abandoned by the former Guatemalan police. The families of over 45, Guatemalan activists who disappeared during the civil war are now reviewing the documents, which have been digitized. This could lead to further legal actions. During the first ten years of the civil war, the victims of the state-sponsored terror were primarily students, workers, professionals, and opposition figures, but in the last years they were thousands of mostly rural Maya farmers and non-combatants. More than Maya villages were destroyed and over 1 million people became refugees or displaced within Guatemala. This report summarized testimony and statements of thousands of witnesses and victims of repression during the Civil War. A priest was convicted as an accomplice and was sentenced to 20 years in prison. More than one million people were forced to flee their homes and hundreds of villages were destroyed. It concluded in that state actions constituted genocide. In some areas such as Baja Verapaz , the Truth Commission found that the Guatemalan state engaged in an intentional policy of genocide against particular ethnic groups in the Civil War. Since the peace accords Guatemala has had both economic growth and successive democratic elections, most recently in He assumed office on 14 January In January Efrain Rios Montt, the former dictator of Guatemala, appeared in a Guatemalan court on genocide charges. During the hearing, the government presented evidence of over incidents involving at least 1, deaths, 1, rapes, and the displacement of nearly 30, Guatemalans during his month rule from — The prosecution wanted him incarcerated because he was viewed as a flight risk but he remained free on bail, under house arrest and guarded by the Guatemalan National Civil Police PNC. On 10 May , Rios Montt was found guilty and sentenced to 80 years in prison. It marked the first time that a national court had found a former head of state guilty of genocide. He was acquitted in May , by a panel of judges that threw out some of the evidence and discounted certain witnesses as unreliable. Within days, over 10, people RSVPed that they would attend. Organisers made clear that no political party or group was behind the event, and instructed protesters at the event to follow the law. They also urged people to bring water, food and sunblock, but not to cover their faces or wear political party colors. They protested in front of the presidential palace. Baldetti resigned a few days later. She was forced to remain in Guatemala when the United States revoked her visa. The Guatemalan government arraigned her, since it had enough evidence to suspect her involvement in the 'La Linea' scandal. The prominence of US Ambassador Todd Robinson in the Guatemalan political scene once the scandal broke led to the suspicion that the US government was behind the investigation, perhaps because it needed an honest government in Guatemala to counter the presence of China and Russia in the region. The UN anti-corruption committee has reported on other cases since then, and more than 20 government officials have stepped down. Some were arrested. Baldetti was arrested the same day and an impeachment was requested for the president. The Supreme Court approved. A major day of action kicked off early on 27 August, with marches and roadblocks across the country. Urban groups who had spearheaded regular protests since the scandal broke in April, on the 27th sought to unite with the rural and indigenous organizations who orchestrated the road blocks. The strike in Guatemala City was full of a diverse and peaceful crowd ranging from the indigenous poor to the well-heeled, and it included many students from public and private universities. Hundreds of schools and businesses closed in support of the protests. Asked whether he planned to resign, he wrote: 'I will face whatever is necessary to face, and what the law requires. Others warned that suspending the vote could lead to an institutional vacuum. These three regions vary in climate, elevation, and landscape, providing dramatic contrasts between hot, humid tropical lowlands and colder, drier highland peaks. The rivers are short and shallow in the Pacific drainage basin, larger and deeper in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico drainage basins. The damage was not wind-related, but rather due to significant flooding and resulting mudslides. The most recent was Tropical Storm Agatha in late May , which killed more than This fault has been responsible for several major earthquakes in historic times, including a 7. In addition, the Middle America Trench , a major subduction zone lies off the Pacific coast. Here, the Cocos Plate is sinking beneath the Caribbean Plate, producing volcanic activity inland of the coast. Natural disasters have a long history in this geologically active part of the world. For example, two of the three moves of the capital of Guatemala have been due to volcanic mudflows in and earthquakes in Guatemala has 14 ecoregions ranging from mangrove forests to both ocean littorals with 5 different ecosystems. Guatemala has listed wetlands, including five lakes, 61 lagoons, rivers, and four swamps. Guatemala is a country of distinct fauna. It has some known species. Of these, 6. Guatemala is home to at least 8, species of vascular plants, of which Guatemala is a constitutional democratic republic whereby the President of Guatemala is both head of state and head of government , and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Congress of the Republic. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jimmy Morales assumed office on 14 January Guatemala has long claimed all or part of the territory of neighboring Belize. Negotiations are currently under way under the auspices of the Organization of American States to conclude it. Guatemala has a modest military, with between 15, and 20, personnel. Guatemala is divided into 22 departments Spanish : departamentos and sub-divided into about municipalities Spanish : municipios. Killings and death squads have been common in Guatemala since the end of the civil war in They had significant influence, now somewhat lessened. It was the first ruling by the court against the Guatemalan state for any of the massacres reported in its s scorched-earth campaign. In , Guatemala became the first country to officially recognize femicide , the murder of a female because of her gender, as a crime. However, Guatemala faces many social problems and is one of the poorest countries in Latin America. The income distribution is highly unequal with more than half of the population below the national poverty line and just over , 3. Remittances from Guatemalans living in United States now constitute the largest single source of foreign income two-thirds of exports and one tenth of GDP. In the face of a rising demand for biofuels , the country is growing and exporting an increasing amount of raw materials for biofuel production, especially sugar cane and palm oil. Critics say that this development leads to higher prices for staple foods like corn, a major ingredient in the Guatemalan diet. As a consequence of the subsidization of US American corn, Guatemala imports nearly half of its corn from the United States that is using 40 percent of its crop harvest for biofuel production. Mines produce gold, silver, zinc, cobalt and nickel. Inflation was 3. The peace accords that ended the decades-long civil war removed a major obstacle to foreign investment. Tourism has become an increasing source of revenue for Guatemala thanks to the new foreign investment. Guatemala receives around two million tourists annually. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of cruise ships visiting Guatemalan seaports, leading to higher tourist numbers. Tourist destinations include Mayan archaeological sites e. Guatemala has a population of 17,, est. The census was burned. Guatemala is heavily centralized: transportation, communications, business, politics, and the most relevant urban activity takes place in the capital of Guatemala City, \\\[ citation needed \\\] whose urban area has a population of almost 3 million. The estimated median age in Guatemala is 20 years old, The proportion of the population below the age of 15 in was A significant number of Guatemalans live outside of their country. The majority of the Guatemalan diaspora is located in the United States of America, with estimates ranging from , \\\[\\\] to 1,, Guatemala is populated by a variety of ethnic, cultural, racial, and linguistic groups. Most indigenous Guatemalans White Guatemalans of European descent, also called Criollo , are not differentiated from Ladinos mixed race individuals in the Guatemalan census. German settlers are credited with bringing the tradition of Christmas trees to Guatemala. The population includes about , Salvadorans. Vincent, live mainly in Livingston and Puerto Barrios. Afro-Guatemalans and mulattos descended primarily from banana plantation workers. A growing Korean community in Guatemala City and in nearby Mixco , numbers about 50, Twenty-one Mayan languages are spoken, especially in rural areas, as well as two non-Mayan Amerindian languages: Xinca , which is indigenous to the country, and Garifuna , an Arawakan language spoken on the Caribbean coast. According to the Language Law of , these languages are recognized as national languages. There are also significant numbers of German , Chinese , French and English language speakers. Throughout the 20th century there have been many developments in the integration of Mayan languages into the Guatemalan society and educational system. Originating from political reasons, these processes have aided the revival of some Mayan languages and advanced bilingual education in the country. In , in order to overcome 'the Indian problem', the Guatemalan government founded The Institute Indigents ta National NH , the purpose of which was to teach literacy to Mayan children in their mother tongue instead of Spanish, to prepare the ground for later assimilation of the latter. The teaching of literacy in the first language, which received support from the UN, significantly advanced in , when the SIL Summer Institute of Linguistics , located in Dallas, Texas, partnered with the Guatemalan Ministry of Education; within 2 years, numerous written works in Mayan languages had been printed and published, and vast advancement was done in the translation of the New Testament. When Spanish became the official language of Guatemala in , the government started several programs, such as the Bilingual Castellanizacion Program and the Radiophonic Schools, to accelerate the move of Mayan students to Spanish. So, an additional expansion of bilingual education took place in , when an experimental program in which children were to be instructed in their mother tongue until they are fluent enough in Spanish was created. The program proved successful when the students of the pilot showed higher academic achievements than the ones in the Spanish-only control schools. In , when the pilot was to finish, bilingual education was made official in Guatemala. Christianity continues to remain strong and vital for the life of Guatemalan society , but its composition has changed over generations of social and political unrest. Roman Catholicism , introduced by the Spanish during the colonial era, remains the largest denomination or church, accounting for Protestants , most of them Evangelical most Protestants are called Evangelicos in Latin America in a wide number of different denominations, made up A more recent survey reveals Catholics at Over the past two decades, particularly since the end of the civil war, Guatemala has seen heightened missionary activity. Protestant denominations have grown markedly in recent decades, chiefly Evangelical and Pentecostal varieties; growth is particularly strong among the ethnic Maya population, with the National Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Guatemala maintaining 11 indigenous-language presbyteries. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has grown from 40, members in to , in , and continues to expand. Traditional Maya religion persists through the process of inculturation , in which certain practices are incorporated into Catholic ceremonies and worship when they are sympathetic to the meaning of Catholic belief. The government has instituted a policy of providing altars at every Maya ruin to facilitate traditional ceremonies. In , Catholics and Evangelical Protestants found common cause against abortion, in a rare public demonstration of unity. During the colonial era Guatemala received immigrants settlers only from Spain. Subsequently, Guatemala received waves of immigration from Europe in the mid 19th century and early 20th century. Many European immigrants to Guatemala were politicians, refugees, and entrepreneurs as well as families looking to settle. Up to Guatemala was the Central American country that received the most immigrants, behind Costa Rica , and large numbers of immigrants are still received today. Also, beginning with the First World War , the immigrant population is being strengthened by Jewish immigration. During the second half of the twentieth century, Latin American immigration grew in Guatemala, particularly from other Central American countries, Mexico, Cuba, and Argentina, although most of these immigrants stayed only temporarily before going to their final destinations in the United States. Guatemala has among the worst health outcomes in Latin America with some of the highest infant mortality rates, and one of the lowest life expectancies at birth in the region. Healthcare has received different levels of support from different political administrations who disagree on how best to manage distribution of services — via a private or a public entity — and the scale of financing that should be made available. Total healthcare spending, both public and private, has remained constant at between 6. Guatemala has a plan to increase literacy over the next 20 years. The government runs a number of public elementary and secondary-level schools, as youth in Guatemala do not fully participate in education. These schools are free, though the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, and transportation makes them less accessible to the poorer segments of society and significant numbers of poor children do not attend school. Organizations such as Child Aid , Pueblo a Pueblo , and Common Hope , which train teachers in villages throughout the Central Highlands region, are working to improve educational outcomes for children. Most of the municipalities in the country have at least a small museum. Guatemala has produced many indigenous artists who follow centuries-old Pre-Columbian traditions. Guatemalan music comprises a number of styles and expressions. Guatemalan social change has been empowered by music such as nueva cancion , which blends together histories, present-day issues, and the political values and struggles of common people. The Maya had an intense musical practice, as documented by their iconography. Many composers from the Renaissance, baroque, classical, romantic, and contemporary music styles have contributed works of all genres. The marimba , which is like a wooden xylophone, \\\[\\\] is the national instrument and its music is widely found in Guatemala. The Historia General de Guatemala has published a series of CDs compiling the historical music of Guatemala, in which every style is represented, from the Maya, colonial, independent and republican eras to the present. Many contemporary music groups in Guatemala play Caribbean music , salsa , Garifuna -influenced punta , Latin pop , Mexican regional , and mariachi. Many traditional foods in Guatemalan cuisine are based on Mayan cuisine and prominently feature maize , chilies and black beans as key ingredients. Guatemala is also known for its antojitos , which include small tamales called chuchitos , fried plantains , and tostadas with tomato sauce , guacamole or black beans. Certain foods are also commonly eaten on certain days of the week; for example, a popular custom is to eat paches a kind of tamale made from potatoes on Thursday. Futsal is probably the most successful team sport in Guatemala. It was also the runner-up in as hosts and won the bronze medal in Guatemala participated for the first time in the FIFA Futsal World Cup in , as hosts, and has played in every competition from onwards. It has never passed the first round. It has also participated in every Grand Prix de Futsal since , reaching the semifinals in The Guatemalan Olympic Committee was founded in and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year. Guatemala participated in the Summer Olympics , and in every edition since the Summer Olympics. It has also appeared in a single Winter Olympics edition, in Erick Barrondo won the only Olympic medal for Guatemala so far, silver in race walking at the Summer Olympics. Guatemala also keeps national sports teams in several disciplines. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 March This article is about the country in Central America. For other uses, see Guatemala disambiguation. Country in Central America. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Coat of arms. Main article: History of Guatemala. Further information: Vicente Cerna y Cerna. Further information: Justo Rufino Barrios. Main article: Manuel Estrada Cabrera. Main article: Jorge Ubico. Main article: Guatemalan Revolution. See also: United States involvement in regime change. This section needs additional citations for verification. Main article: Geography of Guatemala. Main article: Politics of Guatemala. Further information: Foreign relations of Guatemala. Further information: Military of Guatemala. Main articles: Departments of Guatemala and Municipalities of Guatemala. Main article: Economy of Guatemala. Main article: Tourism in Guatemala. Main article: Demographics of Guatemala. Main article: Ethnic Groups in Guatemala. Main article: Languages of Guatemala. Languages in Guatemala Languages percent Spanish. Largest cities or towns in Guatemala According to the Census \\\[\\\]. Main article: Religion in Guatemala. Main article: Immigration to Guatemala. Main article: Health in Guatemala. Main article: Education in Guatemala. Main article: Culture of Guatemala. Further information: Guatemalan literature. Further information: Media of Guatemala. Further information: Music of Guatemala. Main article: Guatemalan cuisine. Main article: Football in Guatemala. Further information: Guatemala at the Olympics. 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