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The Erythroxylum coca plant is an evergreen shrub found in the fertile, warm valleys of the eastern Andes. The leaves are either oval or elliptical, of thin texture and between three and five centimetres long, resembling laurel or bay leaves. In the subtropical regions where it flourishes, orchids and banana trees grow, but for thousands of years coca Erythroxylum coca has been one of the crops most prized by the indigenous peoples of South America. Chewed with a pinch of lime, the leaf releases a mild dose of cocaine alkaloid which numbs sensory nerves, dulls hunger and pain and even provides vitamins otherwise absent in the starch-heavy diet of the highland Indian. Bolivian coca leaves are oval in outline and vary from 3. They are brownish-green in colour and are generally well preserved. The veinlets are prominent on the upper surface, and the midrib, which projects at the apex, in the form of a minute horny apiculus, is seen under the lens to lie in a depression, and to bear a distinct raised ridge on the upper surface. On the under surface of the leaf two curved lines run from base to apex on each side of the midrib. The odour is faint but characteristic, and the taste is slightly bitter, followed by a sensation of numbness. Truxillo leaves are generally rather smaller than the Bolivian variety, more broken, and pale green in colour. The ridge above the midrib and the curved lines on each side of it are less distinct, and the veinlets much less prominent on the upper surface. The wild coca shrub often grows to a height of 3 to 5. The cultivated plant is usually kept to 6 meters. Diameter of the stem is about 16 centimetres. The plant is very hardy and its roots can penetrate 2 to 3 m into the soil. The reddish branches are straight, alternate. The stem has a whitish bark. The leaves are lively green, or greenish brown, and clear brown, smooth, slightly glossy, opaque, oval or elliptical, and more or less tapering at the extremities. The leaves are 1. A special characteristic of the leaf is an areolate portion bounded by two longitudinal curved lines one on each side of the midrib, and more evident on the under face. The taste is bitter and faintly aromatic. Dried leaves are uncurled, deep green on the upper surface, grey-green on the lower, and have a strong tea-like odour. The flowers are succeeded by red berries. These fruits are drupaceous, oblong, measuring around 1 cm; these produce only one seed monospermous. The main characteristic of the plant is the perennial renewal of the branches, after cutting, in a geometrical progression. The wild coca shrubs develop well in tropical humid climates, preferably zones such as clearings in forests, or on the wet side of mountains. Wild species are commonly found in altitudes of to m. Cultivated plants can thrive in different climatic conditions. Erythroxylum coca grows throughout the tropical regions in the Eastern Peruvian Andes, mainly Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia. It is cultivated in Indonesia. Cultivated from early times for its leaves which are used as a masticatory. The leaves contain Cocaine, an alkaloid that exerts a stimulant action when chewed. The medicinal use of the coca leaf by South America Indians has been incorportated into medicines throughout history. The history of Cocaine begins thousands of years ago with the coca plant and its use by the natives of South America. Coca belongs to the genus Erythroxylum that includes about species. Its home is the montana tropical region of the eastern Andes Mountains in South America where the Native Americans have used it as a medicinal plant for centuries to treat many illnesses. Several changes have occurred in history with the medicinal uses of coca, first with its acquisition by the Europeans and Americans, then with the discovery of its main alkaloid, Cocaine. The perceptions of this plant and its major alkaloid have fluctuated, mainly driven by the misconception that they were identical to each other in their medicinal properties. Failing to properly distinguish coca from Cocaine caused much confusion and controversy. Research concentrated on Cocaine and not its mother plant, which led to several therapeutic uses of Cocaine. When this active alkaloid is isolated and refined, Cocaine is produced, a drug with an unequalled power to stimulate the pleasure centres of the human brain. The illegal marketing of Cocaine has led to calls by western governments - who ignore the central role that the coca leaf has played in the daily life of the indigenous cultures of the Americas for millennia - for the total elimination of coca plantations. Archaeological discoveries in Ecuador from the Valdivia Period BC certainly provide early proof of the use of coca; ceramic figurines have been found representing men whose most outstanding features are the bulges in the cheeks characteristic of the coca chewer. In Peru and Bolivia, figurative pottery vessels of the Chavin Period and wooden drinking vessels from Tiahuanaco clearly show men, probably priests, chewing coca. Cocaine was highly regarded in the s and s, when many prominent public figures advocated its use. The United States has declared war on drugs and specifically condemned Cocaine as 'a threat to its national security'. The United States government devotes millions of dollars each year and United States military muscle in an effort to stop Cocaine production at its source - most notably in the jungles of Colombia where the year civil war between the government and Marxist guerrillas is widely perceived as indivisible from the drug trade. The lethal dose range for Cocaine is 20 mg intravenously , to a mean of mg orally , and up to 1. Juniperus brasiliensis was reclassified by Lambo Seeds, because its Family and Genus does not match Erythroxylum, formerly called Erythroxylum catuaba. Juniperus brasiliensis does not belong to the family Erythroxylaceae, but instead belongs to the family Rubiaceae. Juniperus brasiliensis is a medium-sized vigorous growing tree in the northern part of Brazil, the Amazon, Para, Pernambuco, Bahia, Maranhao, and Alagoas. It produces pretty yellow and orange flowers, and small, oval, dark yellow inedible fruit. Juniperus brasiliensis belongs to family Rubiaceae. Juniperus brasiliensis contains none of the active Cocaine alkaloids. The constituents found in Juniperus brasiliensis include a bitter substance, alkaloids, tannins, aromatic oils and fatty resins, phytosterols, cyclolignans and a chemical Brazilian scientists named, Ioimbina. Ioimbina is identified as Yohimbine: C21H26N2O3 ; 16a,17aHydroxyyohimbancarboxylic acid methyl ester. Leaves very variable in size and shape, even on the same twig, mostly obovate, elliptic or oblong, c. Leaves abundant along the twigs, not soon falling, obovate-oblong, bright green above, paler and glaucous beneath, c. A shrub that grows up to 4. The ripe fruit is up to 1 cm long, red and contains one seed. The flowers are solitary or paired with white petals. Branchlets reddish-brown with numerous lenttcels. Prominent stipules enclosing terminal buds, soon shed, their scars encircling the twigs. Leaves small, hairless, thin, 1. Fruit a red drupe, to 7 mm long. Some alkaloid bases found present besides Meteloidine, Dihydroxy or Trihydroxy Tropanes. It is used to combat fatigue and cocaine is made from the leaves. All Erythroxylaceae species are declared prohibited plants in NSW. The leaves contain 0. There are several other Erythroxylum species native to Australia, but only one other has been tested for alkaloids. Erythroxylum australe is known to contain 0. C8H15NO , which is also found in Erythroxylum coca. Alkaloids discovered in the australe species are:. C10H15NO2 as its principle alkaloid. All these substances are legal to posess in the United States, and are not listed on any schedules or Federal or State Laws. Erythroxylum ecarinatum grows up to 15 meters tall! The leaves are bright green from 5 to 10 cm long by 1 to 4 cm across. Its white flowers occur in groups of 3 to 7, are bell shaped and are about 2 mm across. Erythroxylum ecarinatum contains Tropacocaine. The fruit is red when ripe, up to 1. Erythroxylum ellipticum is a Queensland tree growing to a height of 10 meters to 35 ft!. The leaves are from 3 to 6 cm long by 1 to 2 cm across. Its white flowers occur in groups of 3 to 6, are bell shaped and are about 4 mm across. The fruit is reddish, up to. It is sometimes known as Kerosene Wood or Turpentine Tree as its wood burns green. Extraction of stem bark, collected from a tree growing in Eucalyptus forest near Laura, has afforded. The major component of the alkaloids is Tropine 3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamate, the identification of which has been confirmed by comparison with synthetic prepared from Tropine and 3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamoyl chloride. Chromatography indicates that a second component, Tropacocaine Tropine benzoate, Benzoyltropine , is also present. All these alkaloids are legal to posess in the United States, and are not listed on any schedules or Federal or State laws. Coca leaves and any salt, compound, derivative or preparation of coca leaves including cocaine and ecgonine and their salts, isomers, derivatives and salts of isomers and derivatives , and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically equivalent or identical with any of these substances, except that the substances shall not include decocainized coca leaves or extraction of coca leaves, which extractions do not contain Cocaine or Ecgonine. Exportation of Erythroxylum species plants or seeds from Brasil is strictly prohibited by the Brazilian authority.