Bulgaria
BulgariaBulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. The capital and largest city is Sofia; other major cities are Plovdiv, Varna and Burgas. With a territory of , square kilometres (42, sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 16th-largest country.
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Перед тем как собираться на отдых в Болгарию — необходимо подготовиться и знать о Болгарии немного информации, её законах, о курортах, куда поехать, что делать, что посмотреть в стране и болгарских городах.
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Болгария – активно развивающееся самобытное государство Юго-Восточной Европы. Это место вечного туристического сезона: здесь пляжи с золотистым песком и прозрачной водой перерастают в величайшие горы, которые занимают большую часть Болгарии. Болгария (Bulgaria) – активно развивающееся самобытное государство Юго-Восточной Европы площадью км². Это место вечного туристического.
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The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas. One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6, BC. In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD The Eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century. The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script. This state lasted until the early 11th century, when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it. After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife, the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries. Many ethnic Bulgarian populations were left outside its borders, which led to several conflicts with its neighbours and an alliance with Germany in both world wars. In Bulgaria became a one-party socialist state and part of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc. The ruling Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power after the revolutions of and allowed multi-party elections. Bulgaria then transitioned into a democracy and a market-based economy. Since adopting a democratic constitution in , the sovereign state has been a unitary parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative, and economic centralisation. The population of seven million resides mainly in Sofia and the capital cities of the 27 provinces. The population has declined since the late s. Its market economy is part of the European Single Market and mostly relies on services, followed by industry—especially machine building and mining—and agriculture. Bulgaria is a developing country and ranks 52nd in the Human Development Index , the lowest development rank in the EU alongside Romania. Widespread corruption is a major socioeconomic issue; it ranked as the most corrupt country in the European Union in The name Bulgaria is derived from the Bulgars , a tribe of Turkic origin that founded the country. Neanderthal remains dating to around , years ago, or the Middle Paleolithic , are some of the earliest traces of human activity in the lands of modern Bulgaria. The Thracians , one of the three primary ancestral groups of modern Bulgarians , appeared on the Balkan Peninsula some time before the 12th century BC. By the end of the 1st century AD, Roman governance was established over the entire Balkan Peninsula and Christianity began spreading in the region around the 4th century. The Byzantines were engaged in prolonged warfare against Persia and could not defend their Balkan territories from barbarian incursions. Not long after the Slavic incursion, Moesia was once again invaded, this time by the Bulgars under Khan Asparukh. Asparukh attacked Byzantine territories in Moesia and conquered the Slavic tribes there in The minority Bulgars formed a close-knit ruling caste. Succeeding rulers strengthened the Bulgarian state throughout the 8th and 9th centuries. Krum introduced a written code of law \\\[44\\\] and checked a major Byzantine incursion at the Battle of Pliska , in which Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I was killed. The conversion was followed by a Byzantine recognition of the Bulgarian church \\\[46\\\] and the adoption of the Cyrillic alphabet , developed in the capital, Preslav. Samuil died shortly after the battle, \\\[52\\\] and by the Byzantines had conquered the First Bulgarian Empire. This prevented Byzantine attempts at Hellenisation and created fertile ground for further revolt. Kaloyan , the third of the Asen monarchs, extended his dominion to Belgrade and Ohrid. He acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of the pope and received a royal crown from a papal legate. The Asen dynasty became extinct in Internal conflicts and incessant Byzantine and Hungarian attacks followed, enabling the Mongols to establish suzerainty over the weakened Bulgarian state. The Ottomans were employed as mercenaries by the Byzantines in the s but later became invaders in their own right. Sozopol was the last Bulgarian settlement to fall, in Christians were considered an inferior class of people under the Ottoman system. Bulgarians were subjected to heavy taxes including devshirme , or blood tax , their culture was suppressed, \\\[62\\\] and they experienced partial Islamisation. The Western European Enlightenment in the 18th century influenced the initiation of a national awakening of Bulgaria. Up to 30, Bulgarians were killed as Ottoman authorities put down the rebellion. The massacres prompted the Great Powers to take action. This allowed the Russian Empire to seek a military solution without risking confrontation with other Great Powers, as had happened in the Crimean War. It was to set up an autonomous Bulgarian principality spanning Moesia , Macedonia and Thrace , roughly on the territories of the Second Bulgarian Empire , \\\[73\\\] \\\[74\\\] and this day is now a public holiday called National Liberation Day. It was superseded by the Treaty of Berlin , signed on 13 July, which provided for a much smaller state only comprising Moesia and the region of Sofia , leaving large populations of ethnic Bulgarians outside the new country. The Bulgarian principality won a war against Serbia and incorporated the semi-autonomous Ottoman territory of Eastern Rumelia in , proclaiming itself an independent state on 5 October After a disastrous defeat in the Second Balkan War , Bulgaria again found itself fighting on the losing side as a result of its alliance with the Central Powers in World War I. Despite fielding more than a quarter of its population in a 1,,strong army \\\[80\\\] \\\[81\\\] and achieving several decisive victories at Doiran and Monastir , the country capitulated in The war resulted in significant territorial losses and a total of 87, soldiers killed. The resulting political unrest led to the establishment of a royal authoritarian dictatorship by Tsar Boris III — Bulgaria entered World War II in as a member of the Axis but declined to participate in Operation Barbarossa and saved its Jewish population from deportation to concentration camps. The government of Bogdan Filov subsequently failed to achieve peace with the Allies. Bulgaria did not comply with Soviet demands to expel German forces from its territory, resulting in a declaration of war and an invasion by the USSR in September But all wartime gains, with the notable exception of Southern Dobrudzha , were lost. The Communist Party was forced to give up its political monopoly on 10 November under the influence of the Revolutions of Zhivkov resigned and Bulgaria embarked on a transition to a parliamentary democracy. Bulgaria occupies a portion of the eastern Balkan peninsula, bordering five countries— Greece and Turkey to the south, Macedonia and Serbia to the west, and Romania to the north. The Thracian Plain is roughly triangular, beginning southeast of Sofia and broadening as it reaches the Black Sea coast. The Balkan mountains run laterally through the middle of the country from west to east. The mountainous southwest has two distinct alpine type ranges - Rila and Pirin , which border the lower but more extensive Rhodope Mountains to the east, and various medium altitude mountains to west, northwest and south, like Vitosha , Osogovo and Belasitsa. The Struma and the Maritsa are two major rivers in the south. Bulgaria has a varied and changeable climate, which results from being positioned at the meeting point of the Mediterranean , Oceanic and Continental air masses combined with the barrier effect of its mountains. Temperature amplitudes vary significantly in different areas. Continental air masses bring significant amounts of snowfall during winter. The interaction of climatic, hydrological, geological and topographical conditions has produced a relatively wide variety of plant and animal species. Partridges number some , individuals, making them the most widespread gamebird. In , the Bulgarian government adopted the National Biological Diversity Conservation Strategy, a comprehensive programme seeking the preservation of local ecosystems, protection of endangered species and conservation of genetic resources. Bulgaria ranks 30th in the Environmental Performance Index , but scores low on air quality. Bulgaria is a parliamentary democracy where the prime minister is the head of government and the most powerful executive position. The Constitution also provides possibilities of direct democracy, namely petitions and national referenda. Parties must register with the commission prior to participating in a national election. Unlike the prime minister, presidential domestic power is more limited. The directly elected president serves as head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and has the authority to return a bill for further debate, although the parliament can override the presidential veto by a simple majority vote. The National Assembly has the power to enact laws, approve the budget, schedule presidential elections, select and dismiss the prime minister and other ministers, declare war, deploy troops abroad, and ratify international treaties and agreements. Overall, Bulgaria displays a pattern of unstable governments. The protest wave was notable for self-immolations, spontaneous demonstrations and a strong sentiment against political parties. The subsequent snap elections in May resulted in a narrow win for GERB , \\\[\\\] but the Bulgarian Socialist Party eventually formed a government led by Plamen Oresharski after Borisov failed to secure parliamentary support. They formed a coalition with the far-right United Patriots , who hold 27 seats. Freedom House has reported a continuing deterioration of democratic governance after , citing reduced media independence, stalled reforms, abuse of authority at the highest level and increased dependence of local administrations on the central government. Bulgaria has a civil law legal system. The Supreme Administrative Court and the Supreme Court of Cassation are the highest courts of appeal and oversee the application of laws in subordinate courts. Counterintelligence and national security are the responsibility of the State Agency for National Security. Bulgaria is a unitary state. A new administrative structure was adopted in parallel with the decentralization of the economic system. All areas take their names from their respective capital cities. The provinces are subdivided into municipalities. Municipalities are run by mayors, who are elected to four-year terms, and by directly elected municipal councils. Bulgaria is a highly centralized state where the Council of Ministers directly appoints regional governors and all provinces and municipalities are heavily dependent on it for funding. Bulgaria became a member of the United Nations in and since has been a non-permanent member of the Security Council three times, most recently from to Euro-Atlantic integration has been a priority since the fall of communism, although the communist leadership also had aspirations of leaving the Warsaw Pact and joining the European Communities by Bulgaria deployed significant numbers of both civilian and military advisors in Soviet-allied countries like Nicaragua \\\[\\\] and Libya during the Cold War. Bezmer and Graf Ignatievo air bases, the Novo Selo training range, and a logistics centre in Aytos subsequently became joint military training facilities cooperatively used by the United States and Bulgarian militaries. Domestic defence is the responsibility of the all- volunteer Bulgarian armed forces , composed of land forces , navy and an air force. The land forces consist of two mechanized brigades and eight independent regiments and battalions; the air force operates aircraft and air defence systems in six air bases, and the navy operates various ships, helicopters and coastal defence weapons. A balanced budget was achieved in and the country began running a surplus the following year. The ministries of defence, the interior and justice are allocated the largest share of the annual government budget, whereas those responsible for the environment, tourism and energy receive the least amount of funding. Value added tax , excise duties , corporate and personal income tax are national, whereas real estate, inheritance, and vehicle taxes are levied by local authorities. After several consecutive years of high growth, repercussions of the financial crisis of — resulted in a 3. Siphoning of public funds to the families and relatives of politicians from incumbent parties has resulted in fiscal and welfare losses to society. The labour force is 3. Most of the exports are manufactured goods, machinery, chemicals, fuel products and food. Quality Oriental tobacco is a significant industrial crop. Spending on research and development amounts to 0. Despite the lack of funding, research in chemistry, materials science and physics remains strong. Bulgaria has made numerous contributions to space exploration. Telephone services are widely available, and a central digital trunk line connects most regions. Railroads are a major mode of freight transportation, although highways carry a progressively larger share of freight. The population of Bulgaria is 7,, people according to the national census. The majority of the population, Turkish and Roma minorities comprise 8. In the average total fertility rate TFR across Bulgaria was 1. Bulgaria is in a state of demographic crisis. High death rates result from a combination of an ageing population, a high number of people at risk of poverty and a weak healthcare system. Public expenditures for education are far below the European Union average as well. Education in primary and secondary public schools is free and compulsory. The country scores high in gender equality , ranking 18th in the Global Gender Gap Report. High levels of female participation are a legacy of the Socialist era. More than three-quarters of Bulgarians subscribe to Eastern Orthodoxy. Contemporary Bulgarian culture blends the formal culture that helped forge a national consciousness towards the end of Ottoman rule with millennia-old folk traditions. Many of these are personified as witches, whereas other creatures like zmey and samodiva veela are either benevolent guardians or ambivalent tricksters. The establishment of the Preslav and Ohrid literary schools in the 10th century is associated with a golden period in Bulgarian literature during the Middle Ages. А religious visual arts heritage includes frescoes , murals and icons , many produced by the medieval Tarnovo Artistic School. Zahari Zograf was a pioneer of the visual arts in the pre-Liberation era. Christo is the most famous Bulgarian artist of the 21st century, known for his outdoor installations. Folk music is by far the most extensive traditional art and has slowly developed throughout the ages as a fusion of Far Eastern, Oriental, medieval Eastern Orthodox and standard Western European tonalities and modes. A distinguishing feature is extended rhythmical time , which has no equivalent in the rest of European music. The government has diverted EU funds to sympathetic media outlets and bribed others to be less critical on problematic topics, while attacks against individual journalists have increased. Bulgarian cuisine is similar to that of other Balkan countries and demonstrates strong Turkish and Greek influences. Meat consumption is lower than the European average, given a cultural preference for a large variety of salads. Bulgaria appeared at the first modern Olympic games in , when it was represented by gymnast Charles Champaud. Weight-lifting is a signature sport of Bulgaria. Coach Ivan Abadzhiev developed innovative training practices that have produced many Bulgarian world and Olympic champions in weight-lifting since the s. Football is the most popular sport in the country by a substantial margin. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the country. For other uses, see Bulgaria disambiguation. Country in southeastern Europe. Coat of arms. Main article: History of Bulgaria. Main article: First Bulgarian Empire. Main article: Second Bulgarian Empire. Main article: Ottoman Bulgaria. Main article: Geography of Bulgaria. Main article: Politics of Bulgaria. Rumen Radev President. Boyko Borisov Prime Minister. Main articles: Provinces of Bulgaria and Municipalities of Bulgaria. Largest cities or towns in Bulgaria Census \\\[\\\]. Main articles: Foreign relations of Bulgaria and Military of Bulgaria. Main article: Economy of Bulgaria. Main article: Science and technology in Bulgaria. Main articles: Energy in Bulgaria and Transport in Bulgaria. Main article: Demographics of Bulgaria. Main article: Religion in Bulgaria. Main article: Culture of Bulgaria. Main article: Sport in Bulgaria. Bulgaria portal. See Demographics. Bulvest The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 9 October Retrieved 14 January International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 18 January Retrieved 30 March United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 10 December Transparency International. Retrieved 10 February Late Antiquity: a Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press. Journal of Human Evolution. University of California Press. Department of Prehistory and Europe, British Museum. Retrieved 28 July In contrast, the earliest exploitation and working of gold occurs in the Balkans during the mid-fifth millennium BC, several centuries after the earliest known copper smelting. This is demonstrated most spectacularly in the various objects adorning the burials at Varna, Bulgaria Renfrew ; Highamet al. In contrast, the earliest gold objects found in Southwest Asia date only to the beginning of the fourth millennium BC as at Nahal Qanah in Israel Golden , suggesting that gold exploitation may have been a Southeast European invention, albeit a short-lived one. University of Chicago Press. The oldest known gold jewelry in the world is from an archaeological site in Varna Necropolis, Bulgaria, and is over 6, years old radiocarbon dated between 4, BC and 4, BC. Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. Government of France. Archived from the original on 13 October Retrieved 4 December The Necropolis at Varna is an important site in understanding this culture. United States Central Command. December Archived from the original on 18 October Retrieved 4 October Nature, Choice and Social Power. The graves at Varna range from poor to richly endowed, suggesting a rather high degree of social differentiation. Their discovery has led to a re-evaluation of the form of social organization characteristic of the Varna culture and of the onset of social stratification in Neolithic cultures. Cambridge University Press. Yet we cannot identify the Thracians at that remote period, because we do not know for certain whether the Thracian and Illyrian tribes had separated by then. Retrieved 16 August Making Europe: The Story of the West. Cengage Learning. Brendan Readings in Greek History: Sources and Interpretations. Oxford University Press. The Celts: A History. The Boydell Press. Retrieved 18 August A Short History of the Yugoslav Peoples. Archived from the original PDF on 26 March Retrieved 20 August Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria. The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. The conquest of the Balkans and the rise of the Bulgarian Empire was not a disaster for the indigenous population and its material and spiritual culture. History of the Goths. История на Първото българско Царство. Епоха на хуно—българското надмощие — \\\[ History of the First Bulgarian Empire. Period of Hunnic-Bulgarian domination — \\\] in Bulgarian. Marin Drinov Publishing House. Retrieved 23 May University of Michigan Press. Byzantium and Bulgaria. Temple Smith. Retrieved 20 January Synopsis Historiarum. Corpus Fontium Byzantiae Historiae. De Gruyter. The Byzantines. Blackwell Publishing. History of the Byzantine State. Rutgers University Press. Retrieved 27 July Retrieved 9 December Algora Publishing. Retrieved 21 December The Bulgarian nobility was destroyed—its members either perished, fled, or accepted Islam and Turkicization—and the peasantry was enserfed to Turkish masters. Retrieved 16 November Geschichte der Bulgaren \\\[ History of the Bulgarians \\\] in German. Europe and the Historical Legacies in the Balkans. Peter Lang Publishers. Retrieved 30 September There were almost no remnants of a Bulgarian ethnic identity; the population defined itself as Christians, according to the Ottoman system of millets, that is, communities of religious beliefs. The first attempts to define a Bulgarian ethnicity started at the beginning of the 19th century. Greenwood Publishing Group. Religion and Power in Europe: Conflict and Convergence. Edizioni Plus. Retrieved 20 October Retrieved 20 December World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia. The 'Greater Bulgaria' re-established in March on the lines of the medieval Bulgarian empire after liberation from Turkish rule did not last long. Radio Bulgaria. Retrieved 24 February BBC News. Perrin et cie. Centre for Economic Policy Research. Archived from the original PDF on 22 June Retrieved 24 May Archived from the original on 3 October Archived from the original on 17 January Retrieved 6 August Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Columbia University Press. Cornell University Press. Bulgaria in British Foreign Policy, — Anthem Press. Archived from the original PDF on 30 May Retrieved 12 July Българският външен дълг — Банкрутът на комунистическата икономика \\\[ Bulgarian Foreign Debt — \\\]. The New York Times. Retrieved 30 October Le Monde diplomatique in Bulgarian. United Nations. Archived from the original PDF on 10 March The Independent. Retrieved 14 September Bulgarian Telegraph Agency. Retrieved 21 July Bulgarian-Swiss Program For Biodiversity. Retrieved 21 March Retrieved 30 July Gora Magazine. Retrieved 4 April Archived from the original PDF on 4 May Retrieved 12 September Institute of Botany, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on 30 April European Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 22 March Retrieved 16 October Retrieved 15 October Retrieved 25 November European Stability Initiative. Archived from the original on 16 April Navigator to Direct Democracy. Archived from the original on 16 January Retrieved 25 July Retrieved 9 July The Washington Post. Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on 26 July Retrieved 1 June Archived from the original on 8 March Retrieved 20 February Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 March Retrieved 15 May Retrieved 12 March The Financial Times. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 29 July Retrieved 7 April Retrieved 9 August Retrieved 7 October Freedom House. Retrieved 24 July The Economist Intelligence Unit. Institute for Economics and Peace. Retrieved 16 December Hauser Global Law School Program. August The Sofia Globe. Bulgarian National Radio. Archived from the original on 1 November Ministry of the Interior of Bulgaria. Retrieved 25 May Ministry of the Interior. 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Archived from the original on 11 January Archived from the original on 10 July Retrieved 2 November Bulgaria gave the highest priority to scientific and technological advancement and the development of trade skills appropriate to an industrial state. In approximately 80 percent of the population drew their living from the soil, but by less than one-fifth of the labour force was engaged in agriculture, with the rest concentrated in industry and the service sector. January The previous Economic Survey of Bulgaria documented how a combination of difficult initial conditions, delays in structural reforms, Archived from the original PDF on 24 December Retrieved 16 July Kapital Daily. Archived from the original on 16 July Business Insider. Ministry of Finance of Bulgaria. National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. Retrieved 22 July Retrieved 23 January Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project. Archived from the original PDF on 14 November Bulgarian National Bank. The World Bank. 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