Belarus
BelarusРеспублика Беларусь расположена в центре Европы на водоразделе Балтийского и Черного морей. На востоке граничит с Российской Федерацией ( км. общей границы), на юге – с Украиной ( км.), на западе – с Польшей (,6 км.), на северо-западе – с Литвой (,2 км.) и Латвией (,5 км.). В городах проживают 74% населения. Беларусь – полиэтническое государство.
Its capital and most populous city is Minsk. Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing. Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish—Soviet War of — Belarus is also the last country in Europe using the death penalty. Since a referendum in , the country has had two official languages: Belarusian and Russian. The Constitution of Belarus does not declare any official religion, although the primary religion in the country is Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The second-most widespread religion, Roman Catholicism , has a much smaller following; nevertheless, Belarus celebrates both Orthodox and Catholic versions of Christmas and Easter as national holidays. Belarus has shown no aspirations for joining the European Union but nevertheless maintains a bilateral relationship with the organisation , and likewise participates in two EU projects: the Eastern Partnership and the Baku Initiative. An alternate explanation for the name comments on the white clothing worn by the local Slavic population. After the Bolshevik Revolution in , the term 'White Russia' caused some confusion, as it was also the name of the military force that opposed the red Bolsheviks. The term Byelorussia its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form was only used officially until , when the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR decreed by law that the new independent republic should be called Republic of Belarus Республика Беларусь spelled in Russian , and that its abridged form should be 'Belarus'. The law decreed that all the forms of the new term should be transliterated into other languages from their Belarusian language forms. The use of Byelorussian SSR and any abbreviations thereof were allowed from to Accordingly, the name Byelorussia was replaced by Belarus in English. Belarusian is closer to the original Belarusian term of bielaruski. Also, those who wish for Belarus to be reunited with Russia continue to use Belorussia. From to BC, Bandkeramik cultures predominated. In addition, remains from the Dnieper-Donets culture were found in Belarus and parts of Ukraine. Invaders from Asia, among whom were the Huns and Avars , swept through c. The region that is now Belarus was first settled by Baltic tribes in the 3rd century. Around the 5th century, the area was taken over by Slavic tribes. The takeover was partially due to the lack of military coordination of the Balts but the gradual assimilation of the Balts into Slavic culture was peaceful in nature. There are no sources of military seizure, but the annals affirm the alliance and united foreign policy of Polotsk and Lithuania for decades. For example, the Chronicle of Novgorod informs about 'Izyaslav had been set to be Knyaz in Luki and covered Novgorod from the Lithuanians' in when Luki is situated on the east from Polotsk. Incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania resulted in an economic, political and ethno-cultural unification of Belarusian lands. On 2 February , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland were joined in a personal union through a marriage of their rulers. The Lithuanian nobles were forced to go for rapprochement because of the threat coming from Muscovy. To strengthen the independence in the format of the union, three editions of the Statutes of Lithuania were issued in the 16th century. The third Article of the Statute establishes that all lands of Grand Duchy of Lithuania will be eternally in Grand Duchy of Lithuania and never enter as a part of other states. It allowed to own the land within Grand Duchy of Lithuania only to own families. Anyone from outside Duchy would be honored with property only own it after swearing to Grand Duke of Lithuania. These articles were aimed to defend the rights of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania nobility against Polish, Prussian and other aristocracy of Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the years following the union, the process of gradual Polonization of both Lithuanians and Ruthenians gained steady momentum. In culture and social life, both the Polish language and Catholicism became dominant, and in , Polish replaced Ruthenian as the official language—with the Ruthenian language being banned from administrative use. Statutes were initially only issued in Ruthenian language and later also in Polish. Around the Statutes were banned by the Russian tsar following the November Uprising. Modern Ukrainian lands used it until s. Policies of Polonization \[60\] changed by Russification , \[61\] which included the return to Orthodox Christianity of Belorusian Uniates. Belarusian language was banned in schools while in neighboring Samogitia primary school education with Samogitian literacy was allowed. In a Russification drive in the s, Nicholas I prohibited use of the Belarusian language in public schools, campaigned against Belarusian publications and tried to pressure those who had converted to Catholicism under the Poles to reconvert to the Orthodox faith. In , economic and cultural pressure exploded in a revolt , led by Konstanty Kalinowski. After the failed revolt, the Russian government reintroduced the use of Cyrillic to Belarusian in and no documents in Belarusian were permitted by the Russian government until Despite significant efforts the state ceased to exist, primarily because the territory was continually dominated by the German Imperial Army and the Imperial Russian Army in World War I , and then the Bolshevik Red Army. It existed only from to but created prerequisites for the formation of the state idea around the name 'Belarus'. The choice of the name was probably based on the fact that the educated core of the newly formed government was educated in the tsardom universities, with a corresponding education around the ideology of West-Russianism. The Republic of Central Lithuania was a short-lived political entity, which was the last attempt to restore Lithuania in the historical confederacy state it was also supposed to create Lithuania Upper and Lithuania Lower. Centered on the historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Vilna Lithuanian : Vilnius , Polish : Wilno , for 18 months the entity served as a buffer state between Poland , upon which it depended, and Lithuania, which claimed the area. In the s and s, Soviet agricultural and economic policies, including collectivization and five-year plans for the national economy , led to famine and political repression. The Soviets invaded and annexed much of eastern Poland, which had been part of the country since the Peace of Riga two decades earlier. Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in The Brest Fortress , which had been annexed in , at this time was subjected to one of the most destructive onslaughts that happened during the war. Deaths are estimated to be over 1 million, the Jewish population of Belarus was devastated during the Holocaust and never recovered. Vigorous postwar reconstruction promptly followed the end of the war and the Byelorussian SSR became a major center of manufacturing in the western USSR, creating jobs and attracting ethnic Russians. A national constitution was adopted in March in which the functions of prime minister were given to the President of Belarus. Two-round elections for the presidency on 24 June and 10 July \[86\] catapulted the formerly unknown Alexander Lukashenko into national prominence. Lukashenko was re-elected in , in , in and again in Since , following years of embrace of Russian influence in the country, Lukashenko has pressed a revival of Belarusian identity, following the Russian annexation of Crimea and military intervention in Eastern Ukraine. For the first time, he delivered a speech in Belarusian rather than Russian, which most people use , in which he said, 'We are not Russian—we are Belarusians', and later encouraged the use of Belarusian. Trade disputes, a border dispute, and a much relaxed official attitude to dissident voices are all part of a weakening of the longtime warm relationship with Russia. In , Lukashenko had bilateral talks in Sochi with Russian president Vladimir Putin and declared that their two countries 'could unite tomorrow, no problem. Many streams and 11, lakes are found in Belarus. The Neman flows westward towards the Baltic sea and the Pripyat flows eastward to the Dnieper; the Dnieper flows southward towards the Black Sea. Natural resources include peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite , dolomite limestone , marl , chalk, sand, gravel, and clay. Belarus borders five countries: Latvia to the north, Lithuania to the northwest, Poland to the west, Russia to the north and the east, and Ukraine to the south. Belarus is a presidential republic, governed by a president and the National Assembly. The term for each presidency is five years. Under the constitution, the president could serve for only two terms as president, but a change in the constitution in eliminated term limits. In , Lukashenko called for a controversial vote to extend the presidential term from five to seven years, and as a result the election that was supposed to occur in was pushed back to The referendum on the extension was denounced as a 'fantastic' fake by the chief electoral officer, Viktar Hanchar , who was removed from the office for official matters only during the campaign. The House of Representatives has the power to appoint the prime minister , make constitutional amendments, call for a vote of confidence on the prime minister, and make suggestions on foreign and domestic policy. Each chamber has the ability to veto any law passed by local officials if it is contrary to the constitution. The government includes a Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister and five deputy prime ministers. The judiciary comprises the Supreme Court and specialized courts such as the Constitutional Court , which deals with specific issues related to constitutional and business law. The judges of national courts are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Council of the Republic. For criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the Supreme Court. The Belarusian Constitution forbids the use of special extrajudicial courts. In the parliamentary election , of the members elected to the House of Representatives were not affiliated with any political party. When opposition protesters took to the streets in Minsk , many people, including most rival presidential candidates, were beaten and arrested by the state militia. The judicial system in Belarus lacks independence and is subject to political interference. Lukashenko has described himself as having an 'authoritarian ruling style'. The Belarusian government is also criticized for human rights violations and its persecution of non-governmental organisations, independent journalists, national minorities, and opposition politicians. The law was compared with serfdom by Lukashenko himself. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, under international law, Belarus became the internationally recognized successor state to the Byelorussian SSR, retaining its UN membership. Belarus and Russia have been close trading partners and diplomatic allies since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Belarus is dependent on Russia for imports of raw materials and for its export market. The union of Russia and Belarus , a supranational confederation, was established in a —99 series of treaties that called for monetary union, equal rights, single citizenship, and a common foreign and defense policy. On 11 December , reports emerged that a framework for the new state was discussed between both countries. The significance of this act was not immediately clear; some incorrectly speculated that Putin would become president of a unified state of Russia and Belarus after stepping down as Russian president in May Bilateral relations with the United States are strained because the U. Department of State supports various anti-Lukashenko non-governmental organizations NGOs , and also because the Belarusian government has made it increasingly difficult for United States-based organizations to operate within the country. Sino-Belarusian relations have improved, \[\] strengthened by the visit of President Lukashenko to China in October Helsinki Commission. On 15 February the European Union announced the easing of sanctions against Belarus during a meeting by 28 EU foreign ministers at a regular session of the Council of the European Union. The transformation of the ex-Soviet forces into the Armed Forces of Belarus, which was completed in , reduced the number of its soldiers by 30, and restructured its leadership and military formations. The six regions are divided into raions. Belarus is the only European country still using capital punishment. The U. The number of people employed in industry is The growth rate is much lower than for the economy as a whole — about 1. In , In the s, however, industrial production plunged due to decreases in imports, investment, and demand for Belarusian products from its trading partners. Due to its failure to protect labor rights, including passing laws forbidding unemployment or working outside of state-controlled sectors, \[\] Belarus lost its EU Generalized System of Preferences status on 21 June , which raised tariff rates to their prior most favored nation levels. The labor force consists of more than four million people, among whom women hold slightly more jobs than men. Employment is also high in agriculture, manufacturing sales, trading goods, and education. The unemployment rate, according to government statistics, was 1. There were , unemployed Belarusians, two-thirds of whom were women. The unemployment rate has been in decline since , and the overall rate of employment is the highest since statistics were first compiled in The currency was introduced in May , replacing the Soviet ruble. The first coins of the Republic of Belarus were issued on 27 December This led to a proposal that the Belarusian ruble be discontinued in favor of the Russian ruble RUB , starting as early as 1 January From 1 July until 31 December , the old and new currencies were in parallel circulation and series notes and coins can be exchanged for series from 1 January to 31 December The depreciation was even steeper on the black market and financial collapse seemed imminent as citizens rushed to exchange their rubles for dollars, euros, durable goods, and canned goods. Other large cities are Mogilev , , Vitebsk , , Hrodna , and Brest , Like many other eastern European countries, Belarus has a negative population growth rate and a negative natural growth rate. As of \[update\] , Its population is also aging; the median age of 30—34 is estimated to rise to between 60 and 64 in According to the census of as of November \[update\] , Overall, But since the midth century, the number of Jews has been reduced by the Holocaust , deportation, and emigration, so that today it is a very small minority of less than one percent. According to Article 16 of the Constitution , Belarus has no official religion. While the freedom of worship is granted in the same article, religious organizations deemed harmful to the government or social order can be prohibited. The Belarusian government sponsors annual cultural festivals such as the Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk , \[\] which showcases Belarusian performers, artists, writers, musicians, and actors. Several state holidays, such as Independence Day and Victory Day , draw big crowds and often include displays such as fireworks and military parades, especially in Vitebsk and Minsk. Belarusian literature \[\] began with 11th- to 13th-century religious scripture, such as the 12th-century poetry of Cyril of Turaw. It was published in Prague and Vilnius sometime between and , making it the first book printed in Belarus or anywhere in Eastern Europe. This policy was reversed in the s, and the majority of prominent Belarusian intellectuals and nationalist advocates were either exiled or killed in Stalinist purges. Several poets and authors went into exile after the Nazi occupation of Belarus and would not return until the s. An influential author who devoted his work to awakening the awareness of the catastrophes the country has suffered, was Ales Adamovich. He was named by Svetlana Alexievich , the Belarusian winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature , as 'her main teacher, who helped her to find a path of her own'. Music in Belarus largely comprises a rich tradition of folk and religious music. At the end of the 19th century, major Belarusian cities formed their own opera and ballet companies. The ballet Nightingale by M. After the Second World War , music focused on the hardships of the Belarusian people or on those who took up arms in defense of the homeland. Since , Belarus has been sending artists to the Eurovision Song Contest. Marc Chagall was born in Liozna near Vitebsk in Due to the cool climate, clothes were designed to preserve body heat and were usually made from flax or wool. They were decorated with ornate patterns influenced by the neighboring cultures: Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Russians, and other European nations. Each region of Belarus has developed specific design patterns. Belarusian cuisine consists mainly of vegetables, meat particularly pork , and bread. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or stewed. Typically, Belarusians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals later in the day. Wheat and rye breads are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. To show hospitality, a host traditionally presents an offering of bread and salt when greeting a guest or visitor. Belarus has competed in the Olympic Games since the Winter Olympics. The national hockey team finished fourth at the Salt Lake City Olympics following a memorable upset win over Sweden in the quarterfinals, and regularly competes in the World Championships , often making the quarterfinals. Darya Domracheva is a leading biathlete whose honours include three gold medals at the Winter Olympics. Other notable Belarusian sportspeople include cyclist Vasil Kiryienka , who won the Road World Time Trial Championship , and middle distance runner Maryna Arzamasava , who won the gold medal in the m at the World Championships in Athletics. Belarus is also known for its strong rhythmic gymnasts. The Belorussian senior group earned bronze at the London Olympics. The state telecom monopoly, Beltelecom, holds the exclusive interconnection with Internet providers outside of Belarus. Beltelecom is the only operator licensed to provide commercial VoIP services in Belarus. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the European country. For other uses, see Belarus disambiguation. Country in Eastern Europe. National emblem. Show globe. Show map of Europe. Belarusian Russian a. Polish Ukrainian Yiddish. Website belarus. Archived from the original on 26 January Retrieved 16 February Main article: History of Belarus. Further information: Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth. Further information: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Main article: Geography of Belarus. Main article: Politics of Belarus. Main article: Human rights in Belarus. Main article: Foreign relations of Belarus. Main article: Armed Forces of Belarus. Further information: Regions of Belarus and Districts of Belarus. Main article: Capital punishment in Belarus. Main article: Economy of Belarus. Main article: Demographics of Belarus. Main article: Languages of Belarus. Main article: Religion in Belarus. Religion in Belarus \[\] Eastern Orthodoxy. Main article: Culture of Belarus. See also: Belarus at the Olympics. Main article: Telecommunications in Belarus. See also: Censorship in Belarus. Belarus portal Soviet Union portal. Archived from the original on 28 July Retrieved 28 July International Monetary Fund. April Retrieved 8 July World Bank. Retrieved 22 March United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 24 December Retrieved 26 August United Nations Organization. Archived from the original on 17 April Retrieved 22 April Archived from the original on 18 January Retrieved 4 October National purpose in the world economy: post-Soviet states in comparative perspective. Cornell University Press. Europa World Year, Book 1. Europa publications. Великий освободительный поход Красной Армии. Освобождение Западной Украины и Западной Белоруссии. Минаев В. Западная Белоруссия и Западная Украина под гнетом панской Польши. Трайнин И. Национальное и социальное освобождение Западной Украины и Западной Белоруссии. Том пяты. Archived from the original on 12 July Retrieved 4 March The Guardian. Retrieved 7 August BBC News. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 26 March Amnesty International Report Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 12 December Retrieved 22 December Retrieved 28 December Archived from the original on 13 May The chronicle of the White Russia: an essay on the history of one geographical name. Minsk, Belarus: Encyclopedix. Roeder 15 December Pravo—Law of the Republic of Belarus. Retrieved 6 October European Radio for Belarus. Retrieved 2 February The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 11 December A Dictionary of Archaeology. The Origins of the Slavic Nations. Cambridge University Press. The Conversion of Europe. Longmans, Green. A; Forbes, Nevill; Beazley, C. 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Belarus:Between the East and the West I. Shanghai Star. Archived from the original on 25 February Archived from the original on 24 February Archived from the original on 17 March The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 21 April Birgerson, Susanne Michele After the Breakup of a Multi-Ethnic Empire. Bennett, Brian M. The Jesuits: their foundation and history, Volume 1. Benziger Brothers. Frear, Matthew. Levy, Patricia; Spilling, Michael New York: Benchmark Books. Marples, David. Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Parker, Stewart. Richmond, Yale Intercultural Press. Rudling, Pers Anders. Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Snyder, Timothy. Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union. Hoover Institution Press. Treadgold, Donald; Ellison, Herbert J. Twentieth Century Russia. Westview Press. Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. Belorussia: the making of a nation: a case study Harvard UP, Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Wilson, Andrew. Archived from the original on 2 May Outline Index. Links to related articles. Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe. States with limited recognition. Faroe Islands 1 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark. Svalbard unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty. Georgia — Ukraine —, defined as not a member by the CIS Charter in Eurasian Economic Union. Armenia Belarus Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia. Mongolia Syria Tajikistan Uzbekistan. Non-Aligned Movement. NAM News Network. Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Categories : Belarus Countries in Europe Eastern European countries Landlocked countries Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States Member states of the United Nations Republics Russian-speaking countries and territories States and territories established in the s States and territories established in Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read View source View history. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Flag National emblem. Unitary presidential republic. National Assembly. Council of the Republic. House of Representatives. Belarusian ruble BYN. Minsk Homyel. Minsk Voblast. Mahilyow Vitsyebsk. Homyel Voblast. Mahilou Voblast. Vitsebsk Voblast. Hrodna Voblast. Brest Voblast. Eastern Orthodoxy. Roman Catholicism. Outline Index Book Category Portal. Denmark Faroe Islands 1 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark.
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Беларусь — государство в Восточной Европе, граничит с Россией, Украиной, Литвой, Латвией, Польшей. Природа Беларуси мало кого оставляет равнодушным, и это в одинаковой степени относится как к туристам из дальнего зарубежья, так и к гостям из соседних стран. Здешние пейзажи действуют умиротворяюще — зелень бескрайних полей, уникальные болотные массивы, живописные возвышенности, густые леса с изумрудным моховым ковром.
Республика Беларусь расположена в центре Европы. По ее территории пролегают самые короткие транспортные коммуникации, связывающие страны СНГ с государствами Западной Европы. Беларусь имеет общую границу с Польшей, Литвой, Латвией, Россией и Украиной.. Основные факты. Республика Беларусь – государство в центре Европы.
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Its capital and most populous city is Minsk. Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing. Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish—Soviet War of — Belarus is also the last country in Europe using the death penalty. Since a referendum in , the country has had two official languages: Belarusian and Russian. The Constitution of Belarus does not declare any official religion, although the primary religion in the country is Eastern Orthodox Christianity. The second-most widespread religion, Roman Catholicism , has a much smaller following; nevertheless, Belarus celebrates both Orthodox and Catholic versions of Christmas and Easter as national holidays. Belarus has shown no aspirations for joining the European Union but nevertheless maintains a bilateral relationship with the organisation , and likewise participates in two EU projects: the Eastern Partnership and the Baku Initiative. An alternate explanation for the name comments on the white clothing worn by the local Slavic population. After the Bolshevik Revolution in , the term 'White Russia' caused some confusion, as it was also the name of the military force that opposed the red Bolsheviks. The term Byelorussia its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form was only used officially until , when the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR decreed by law that the new independent republic should be called Republic of Belarus Республика Беларусь spelled in Russian , and that its abridged form should be 'Belarus'. The law decreed that all the forms of the new term should be transliterated into other languages from their Belarusian language forms. The use of Byelorussian SSR and any abbreviations thereof were allowed from to Accordingly, the name Byelorussia was replaced by Belarus in English. Belarusian is closer to the original Belarusian term of bielaruski. Also, those who wish for Belarus to be reunited with Russia continue to use Belorussia. From to BC, Bandkeramik cultures predominated. In addition, remains from the Dnieper-Donets culture were found in Belarus and parts of Ukraine. Invaders from Asia, among whom were the Huns and Avars , swept through c. The region that is now Belarus was first settled by Baltic tribes in the 3rd century. Around the 5th century, the area was taken over by Slavic tribes. The takeover was partially due to the lack of military coordination of the Balts but the gradual assimilation of the Balts into Slavic culture was peaceful in nature. There are no sources of military seizure, but the annals affirm the alliance and united foreign policy of Polotsk and Lithuania for decades. For example, the Chronicle of Novgorod informs about 'Izyaslav had been set to be Knyaz in Luki and covered Novgorod from the Lithuanians' in when Luki is situated on the east from Polotsk. Incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania resulted in an economic, political and ethno-cultural unification of Belarusian lands. On 2 February , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland were joined in a personal union through a marriage of their rulers. The Lithuanian nobles were forced to go for rapprochement because of the threat coming from Muscovy. To strengthen the independence in the format of the union, three editions of the Statutes of Lithuania were issued in the 16th century. The third Article of the Statute establishes that all lands of Grand Duchy of Lithuania will be eternally in Grand Duchy of Lithuania and never enter as a part of other states. It allowed to own the land within Grand Duchy of Lithuania only to own families. Anyone from outside Duchy would be honored with property only own it after swearing to Grand Duke of Lithuania. These articles were aimed to defend the rights of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania nobility against Polish, Prussian and other aristocracy of Polish—Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the years following the union, the process of gradual Polonization of both Lithuanians and Ruthenians gained steady momentum. In culture and social life, both the Polish language and Catholicism became dominant, and in , Polish replaced Ruthenian as the official language—with the Ruthenian language being banned from administrative use. Statutes were initially only issued in Ruthenian language and later also in Polish. Around the Statutes were banned by the Russian tsar following the November Uprising. Modern Ukrainian lands used it until s. Policies of Polonization \\\\[60\\\\] changed by Russification , \\\\[61\\\\] which included the return to Orthodox Christianity of Belorusian Uniates. Belarusian language was banned in schools while in neighboring Samogitia primary school education with Samogitian literacy was allowed. In a Russification drive in the s, Nicholas I prohibited use of the Belarusian language in public schools, campaigned against Belarusian publications and tried to pressure those who had converted to Catholicism under the Poles to reconvert to the Orthodox faith. In , economic and cultural pressure exploded in a revolt , led by Konstanty Kalinowski. After the failed revolt, the Russian government reintroduced the use of Cyrillic to Belarusian in and no documents in Belarusian were permitted by the Russian government until Despite significant efforts the state ceased to exist, primarily because the territory was continually dominated by the German Imperial Army and the Imperial Russian Army in World War I , and then the Bolshevik Red Army. It existed only from to but created prerequisites for the formation of the state idea around the name 'Belarus'. The choice of the name was probably based on the fact that the educated core of the newly formed government was educated in the tsardom universities, with a corresponding education around the ideology of West-Russianism. The Republic of Central Lithuania was a short-lived political entity, which was the last attempt to restore Lithuania in the historical confederacy state it was also supposed to create Lithuania Upper and Lithuania Lower. Centered on the historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , Vilna Lithuanian : Vilnius , Polish : Wilno , for 18 months the entity served as a buffer state between Poland , upon which it depended, and Lithuania, which claimed the area. In the s and s, Soviet agricultural and economic policies, including collectivization and five-year plans for the national economy , led to famine and political repression. The Soviets invaded and annexed much of eastern Poland, which had been part of the country since the Peace of Riga two decades earlier. Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in The Brest Fortress , which had been annexed in , at this time was subjected to one of the most destructive onslaughts that happened during the war. Deaths are estimated to be over 1 million, the Jewish population of Belarus was devastated during the Holocaust and never recovered. Vigorous postwar reconstruction promptly followed the end of the war and the Byelorussian SSR became a major center of manufacturing in the western USSR, creating jobs and attracting ethnic Russians. A national constitution was adopted in March in which the functions of prime minister were given to the President of Belarus. Two-round elections for the presidency on 24 June and 10 July \\\\[86\\\\] catapulted the formerly unknown Alexander Lukashenko into national prominence. Lukashenko was re-elected in , in , in and again in Since , following years of embrace of Russian influence in the country, Lukashenko has pressed a revival of Belarusian identity, following the Russian annexation of Crimea and military intervention in Eastern Ukraine. For the first time, he delivered a speech in Belarusian rather than Russian, which most people use , in which he said, 'We are not Russian—we are Belarusians', and later encouraged the use of Belarusian. Trade disputes, a border dispute, and a much relaxed official attitude to dissident voices are all part of a weakening of the longtime warm relationship with Russia. In , Lukashenko had bilateral talks in Sochi with Russian president Vladimir Putin and declared that their two countries 'could unite tomorrow, no problem. Many streams and 11, lakes are found in Belarus. The Neman flows westward towards the Baltic sea and the Pripyat flows eastward to the Dnieper; the Dnieper flows southward towards the Black Sea. Natural resources include peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite , dolomite limestone , marl , chalk, sand, gravel, and clay. Belarus borders five countries: Latvia to the north, Lithuania to the northwest, Poland to the west, Russia to the north and the east, and Ukraine to the south. Belarus is a presidential republic, governed by a president and the National Assembly. The term for each presidency is five years. Under the constitution, the president could serve for only two terms as president, but a change in the constitution in eliminated term limits. In , Lukashenko called for a controversial vote to extend the presidential term from five to seven years, and as a result the election that was supposed to occur in was pushed back to The referendum on the extension was denounced as a 'fantastic' fake by the chief electoral officer, Viktar Hanchar , who was removed from the office for official matters only during the campaign. The House of Representatives has the power to appoint the prime minister , make constitutional amendments, call for a vote of confidence on the prime minister, and make suggestions on foreign and domestic policy. Each chamber has the ability to veto any law passed by local officials if it is contrary to the constitution. The government includes a Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister and five deputy prime ministers. The judiciary comprises the Supreme Court and specialized courts such as the Constitutional Court , which deals with specific issues related to constitutional and business law. The judges of national courts are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Council of the Republic. For criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the Supreme Court. The Belarusian Constitution forbids the use of special extrajudicial courts. In the parliamentary election , of the members elected to the House of Representatives were not affiliated with any political party. When opposition protesters took to the streets in Minsk , many people, including most rival presidential candidates, were beaten and arrested by the state militia. The judicial system in Belarus lacks independence and is subject to political interference. Lukashenko has described himself as having an 'authoritarian ruling style'. The Belarusian government is also criticized for human rights violations and its persecution of non-governmental organisations, independent journalists, national minorities, and opposition politicians. The law was compared with serfdom by Lukashenko himself. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, under international law, Belarus became the internationally recognized successor state to the Byelorussian SSR, retaining its UN membership. Belarus and Russia have been close trading partners and diplomatic allies since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Belarus is dependent on Russia for imports of raw materials and for its export market. The union of Russia and Belarus , a supranational confederation, was established in a —99 series of treaties that called for monetary union, equal rights, single citizenship, and a common foreign and defense policy. On 11 December , reports emerged that a framework for the new state was discussed between both countries. The significance of this act was not immediately clear; some incorrectly speculated that Putin would become president of a unified state of Russia and Belarus after stepping down as Russian president in May Bilateral relations with the United States are strained because the U. Department of State supports various anti-Lukashenko non-governmental organizations NGOs , and also because the Belarusian government has made it increasingly difficult for United States-based organizations to operate within the country. Sino-Belarusian relations have improved, \\\\[\\\\] strengthened by the visit of President Lukashenko to China in October Helsinki Commission. On 15 February the European Union announced the easing of sanctions against Belarus during a meeting by 28 EU foreign ministers at a regular session of the Council of the European Union. The transformation of the ex-Soviet forces into the Armed Forces of Belarus, which was completed in , reduced the number of its soldiers by 30, and restructured its leadership and military formations. The six regions are divided into raions. Belarus is the only European country still using capital punishment. The U. The number of people employed in industry is The growth rate is much lower than for the economy as a whole — about 1. In , In the s, however, industrial production plunged due to decreases in imports, investment, and demand for Belarusian products from its trading partners. Due to its failure to protect labor rights, including passing laws forbidding unemployment or working outside of state-controlled sectors, \\\\[\\\\] Belarus lost its EU Generalized System of Preferences status on 21 June , which raised tariff rates to their prior most favored nation levels. The labor force consists of more than four million people, among whom women hold slightly more jobs than men. Employment is also high in agriculture, manufacturing sales, trading goods, and education. The unemployment rate, according to government statistics, was 1. There were , unemployed Belarusians, two-thirds of whom were women. The unemployment rate has been in decline since , and the overall rate of employment is the highest since statistics were first compiled in The currency was introduced in May , replacing the Soviet ruble. The first coins of the Republic of Belarus were issued on 27 December This led to a proposal that the Belarusian ruble be discontinued in favor of the Russian ruble RUB , starting as early as 1 January From 1 July until 31 December , the old and new currencies were in parallel circulation and series notes and coins can be exchanged for series from 1 January to 31 December The depreciation was even steeper on the black market and financial collapse seemed imminent as citizens rushed to exchange their rubles for dollars, euros, durable goods, and canned goods. Other large cities are Mogilev , , Vitebsk , , Hrodna , and Brest , Like many other eastern European countries, Belarus has a negative population growth rate and a negative natural growth rate. As of \\\\[update\\\\] , Its population is also aging; the median age of 30—34 is estimated to rise to between 60 and 64 in According to the census of as of November \\\\[update\\\\] , Overall, But since the midth century, the number of Jews has been reduced by the Holocaust , deportation, and emigration, so that today it is a very small minority of less than one percent. According to Article 16 of the Constitution , Belarus has no official religion. While the freedom of worship is granted in the same article, religious organizations deemed harmful to the government or social order can be prohibited. The Belarusian government sponsors annual cultural festivals such as the Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk , \\\\[\\\\] which showcases Belarusian performers, artists, writers, musicians, and actors. Several state holidays, such as Independence Day and Victory Day , draw big crowds and often include displays such as fireworks and military parades, especially in Vitebsk and Minsk. Belarusian literature \\\\[\\\\] began with 11th- to 13th-century religious scripture, such as the 12th-century poetry of Cyril of Turaw. It was published in Prague and Vilnius sometime between and , making it the first book printed in Belarus or anywhere in Eastern Europe. This policy was reversed in the s, and the majority of prominent Belarusian intellectuals and nationalist advocates were either exiled or killed in Stalinist purges. Several poets and authors went into exile after the Nazi occupation of Belarus and would not return until the s. An influential author who devoted his work to awakening the awareness of the catastrophes the country has suffered, was Ales Adamovich. He was named by Svetlana Alexievich , the Belarusian winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature , as 'her main teacher, who helped her to find a path of her own'. Music in Belarus largely comprises a rich tradition of folk and religious music. At the end of the 19th century, major Belarusian cities formed their own opera and ballet companies. The ballet Nightingale by M. After the Second World War , music focused on the hardships of the Belarusian people or on those who took up arms in defense of the homeland. Since , Belarus has been sending artists to the Eurovision Song Contest. Marc Chagall was born in Liozna near Vitebsk in Due to the cool climate, clothes were designed to preserve body heat and were usually made from flax or wool. They were decorated with ornate patterns influenced by the neighboring cultures: Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Russians, and other European nations. Each region of Belarus has developed specific design patterns. Belarusian cuisine consists mainly of vegetables, meat particularly pork , and bread. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or stewed. Typically, Belarusians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals later in the day. Wheat and rye breads are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. To show hospitality, a host traditionally presents an offering of bread and salt when greeting a guest or visitor. Belarus has competed in the Olympic Games since the Winter Olympics. The national hockey team finished fourth at the Salt Lake City Olympics following a memorable upset win over Sweden in the quarterfinals, and regularly competes in the World Championships , often making the quarterfinals. Darya Domracheva is a leading biathlete whose honours include three gold medals at the Winter Olympics. Other notable Belarusian sportspeople include cyclist Vasil Kiryienka , who won the Road World Time Trial Championship , and middle distance runner Maryna Arzamasava , who won the gold medal in the m at the World Championships in Athletics. Belarus is also known for its strong rhythmic gymnasts. The Belorussian senior group earned bronze at the London Olympics. 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Современная Беларусь и ее особенности. Беларусь – страна, которая располагается в самом центре Европы и территориально граничит с пятью государствами. На западе белорусские регионы находятся на границе с Польской Республикой, на северо-западе – с Литвой, на севере – с Латвией и Россией, на юге – с Украиной, а на востоке и северо-востоке – с Российской Федерацией. Официальное название государства – Республика Беларусь.
🎦 Белоруссия. Совершенно та же Википедия. Только лучше. Белоруссия. Из Википедии — свободной энциклопедии. У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Белоруссия (значения), см. Беларусь (значения), а также см. РБ. Республика Беларусь. белор.
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Беларусь на карте мира - схематической или спутниковой. Поиск на карте по адресу или названию населённого пункта.
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