Ankara
AnkaraAnkara is the capital city of Turkey and the second largest city in the country after Istanbul. It is located at the heart of both Turkey and Central Anatolia. The population is around million. Ankara is the administrative center of Turkey and a huge university town, so it has a large population of government workers and university students. As the national capital, Ankara is home to a large population of foreign diplomats and embassy staff, so it offers goods and services that might be more.
Ankara became the new Turkish capital upon the establishment of the Republic on 29 October , succeeding in this role the former Turkish capital Istanbul Constantinople following the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The city gave its name to the Angora wool shorn from Angora rabbits , the long-haired Angora goat the source of mohair , and the Angora cat. The area is also known for its pears, honey and muscat grapes. Although situated in one of the driest places of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation except for the forested areas on the southern periphery, Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant, at 72 square metres square feet per head. Ankara is a very old city with various Hittite , Phrygian , Hellenistic , Roman , Byzantine , and Ottoman archaeological sites. The hill remains crowned by the ruins of the old citadel. The orthography of the name Ankara has varied over the ages. Under the Trewartha climate classification , Ankara has a middle latitude steppe climate BSk. Due to its elevation and inland location, Ankara has cold and snowy winters, and hot and dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn. Monthly mean temperatures range from 0. Ankara had a population of 75, in As of , Ankara Province has a population of 5,, When Ankara became the capital of the Republic of Turkey in , it was designated as a planned city for , future inhabitants. During the s, s and s, the city grew in a planned and orderly pace. However, from the s onward, the city grew much faster than envisioned, because unemployment and poverty forced people to migrate from the countryside into the city in order to seek a better standard of living. As a result, many illegal houses called gecekondu were built around the city, causing the unplanned and uncontrolled urban landscape of Ankara, as not enough planned housing could be built fast enough. Although precariously built, the vast majority of them have electricity, running water and modern household amenities. Although many gecekondus still remain, they too are gradually being replaced by mass housing compounds, as empty land plots in the city of Ankara for new construction projects are becoming impossible to find. The population of Ankara has a higher education level than the country average. This difference is particularly evident in the university educated segment of the population. The ratio of university and high school graduates to total population is The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to the Hattic civilization which existed during the Bronze Age and was gradually absorbed c. In Phrygian tradition, King Midas was venerated as the founder of Ancyra, but Pausanias mentions that the city was actually far older, which accords with present archaeological knowledge. Phrygian rule was succeeded first by Lydian and later by Persian rule, though the strongly Phrygian character of the peasantry remained, as evidenced by the gravestones of the much later Roman period. Alexander came from Gordion to Ankara and stayed in the city for a short period. After his death at Babylon in BC and the subsequent division of his empire among his generals, Ankara and its environs fell into the share of Antigonus. Another important expansion took place under the Greeks of Pontos who came there around BC and developed the city as a trading center for the commerce of goods between the Black Sea ports and Crimea to the north; Assyria, Cyprus, and Lebanon to the south; and Georgia, Armenia and Persia to the east. In BC, the city, along with the rest of central Anatolia, was occupied by a Celtic group, the Galatians , who were the first to make Ankara one of their main tribal centers, the headquarters of the Tectosages tribe. The city was then known as Ancyra. The Celtic element was probably relatively small in numbers; a warrior aristocracy which ruled over Phrygian-speaking peasants. However, the Celtic language continued to be spoken in Galatia for many centuries. At the end of the 4th century, St. Jerome , a native of Dalmatia, observed that the language spoken around Ankara was very similar to that being spoken in the northwest of the Roman world near Trier. The city was subsequently passed under the control of the Roman Empire. In 25 BC, Emperor Augustus raised it to the status of a polis and made it the capital city of the Roman province of Galatia. The ruins of Ancyra still furnish today valuable bas-reliefs , inscriptions and other architectural fragments. Two other Galatian tribal centers, Tavium near Yozgat , and Pessinus Balhisar to the west, near Sivrihisar, continued to be reasonably important settlements in the Roman period, but it was Ancyra that grew into a grand metropolis. An estimated , people lived in Ancyra in good times during the Roman Empire, a far greater number than was to be the case from after the fall of the Roman Empire until the early 20th century. It has now been covered and diverted, but it formed the northern boundary of the old town during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. It was thus a sizeable city by any standards and much larger than the Roman towns of Gaul or Britannia. They were not the only ones to use the Roman highway network, which was equally convenient for invaders. In the second half of the 3rd century, Ancyra was invaded in rapid succession by the Goths coming from the west who rode far into the heart of Cappadocia , taking slaves and pillaging and later by the Arabs. For about a decade, the town was one of the western outposts of one of Palmyrean empress Zenobia in the Syrian Desert , who took advantage of a period of weakness and disorder in the Roman Empire to set up a short-lived state of her own. The town was reincorporated into the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian in During the 3rd century, life in Ancyra, as in other Anatolian towns, seems to have become somewhat militarized in response to the invasions and instability of the town. The city is well known during the 4th century as a centre of Christian activity see also below , due to frequent imperial visits, and through the letters of the pagan scholar Libanius. In , the rebel Marcian attacked the city, without being able to capture it. In , the city was captured for the first time by the Arabs of the Rashidun Caliphate , under Muawiyah , the future founder of the Umayyad Caliphate. In , Emperor Nikephoros I r. By , the Turkish settlers had reached the vicinity of Ancyra, and the city was captured shortly after, at the latest by the time of the rebellion of Nikephoros Melissenos in Taking advantage of Seljuk decline, a semi-religious cast of craftsmen and trade people named Ahiler chose Angora as their independent city-state in Orhan I , the second Bey of the Ottoman Empire , captured the city in Timur defeated Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara in and took the city, but in Angora was again under Ottoman control. The Levant Company maintained a factory in the town from to Following the Ottoman defeat in World War I , the Ottoman capital Constantinople modern Istanbul and much of Anatolia were occupied by the Allies, who planned to share these lands between Armenia , France , Greece , Italy and the United Kingdom , leaving for the Turks the core piece of land in central Anatolia. Ancient buildings reflecting Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman history and narrow winding streets mark the old section. Government offices and foreign embassies are also located in the new section. By there were 44, residents and by the population had grown to , After , it became known officially in Western languages as Ankara. After the late s the public stopped using the name 'Angora'. Early Christian martyrs of Ancyra, about whom little is known, included Proklos and Hilarios who were natives of the otherwise unknown nearby village of Kallippi, and suffered repression under the emperor Trajan 98— In the s we hear of Philumenos, a Christian corn merchant from southern Anatolia, being captured and martyred in Ankara, and Eustathius. As in other Roman towns, the reign of Diocletian marked the culmination of the persecution of the Christians. In , Ancyra was one of the towns where the co-Emperors Diocletian and his deputy Galerius launched their anti-Christian persecution. In Ancyra, their first target was the year-old Bishop of the town, whose name was Clement. The remains of the church of St. Quite possibly this marks the site where Clement was originally buried. Four years later, a doctor of the town named Plato and his brother Antiochus also became celebrated martyrs under Galerius. Theodotus of Ancyra is also venerated as a saint. However, the persecution proved unsuccessful and in Ancyra was the center of an important council of the early church ; \[31\] its 25 disciplinary canons constitute one of the most important documents in the early history of the administration of the Sacrament of Penance. Twenty years later, Christianity and monotheism had taken its place. Ancyra quickly turned into a Christian city, with a life dominated by monks and priests and theological disputes. The town council or senate gave way to the bishop as the main local figurehead. During the middle of the 4th century, Ancyra was involved in the complex theological disputes over the nature of Christ, and a form of Arianism seems to have originated there. In —, the Emperor Julian passed through Ancyra on his way to an ill-fated campaign against the Persians, and according to Christian sources, engaged in a persecution of various holy men. In , Arian bishops met at Ancyra and deposed several bishops, among them St. Gregory of Nyssa. In the late 4th century, Ancyra became something of an imperial holiday resort. After Constantinople became the East Roman capital, emperors in the 4th and 5th centuries would retire from the humid summer weather on the Bosporus to the drier mountain atmosphere of Ancyra. Theodosius II — kept his court in Ancyra in the summers. Laws issued in Ancyra testify to the time they spent there. The Metropolis of Ancyra continued to be a residential see of the Eastern Orthodox Church until the 20th century, with about 40, faithful, mostly Turkish-speaking, but that situation ended as a result of the Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations. The earlier Armenian Genocide put an end to the residential eparchy of Ancyra of the Armenian Catholic Church , which had been established in Having fallen into disuse, it was restored on 30 April The Armenian Genocide brought an effective end to the residential diocese, \[34\] \[35\] which was only formally suppressed in and instantly transformed into an Armenian Catholic titular bishopric. The titular see has had a single occupant:. No later than , the Catholic Church also established a Latin Rite titular archbishopric of Ancyra. The last incumbent died in The church is believed to have been built between the 4th and 9th centuries. Today, only the interior facade of a wall and marble blocks from the church have survived. The city has exported mohair from the Angora goat and Angora wool from the Angora rabbit internationally for centuries. In the 19th century, the city also exported substantial amounts of goat and cat skins, gum , wax , honey , berries, and madder root. Ankara is also famous for its pears. Exports to foreign countries from these defence and aerospace firms have steadily increased in the past decades. A number of the global automotive companies also have production facilities in Ankara, such as the German bus and truck manufacturer MAN SE. A large percentage of the complicated employment in Ankara is provided by the state institutions; such as the ministries , subministries, and other administrative bodies of the Turkish government. There are also many foreign citizens working as diplomats or clerks in the embassies of their respective countries. Ankara is currently served by a suburban rail named Ankaray A1 and three subway lines M1, M2, M3 of the Ankara Metro with about , total daily commuters, while an additional subway line M4 is currently under construction. The Ankara Central Station is a major rail hub in Turkey. The average amount of time people spend commuting on public transit in Ankara on a weekday is 71 minutes. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 9. The province of Ankara is divided into 25 districts. Overall, the AKP enjoys the most support throughout the city. The electorate of Ankara thus tend to vote in favour of the political right, far more so than the other main cities of Istanbul and İzmir. In retrospect, the —14 protests against the AKP government were particularly strong in Ankara, proving to be fatal on multiple occasions. Initially elected in the local elections , he was re-elected in , and The city suffered from a series of terrorist attacks in and , most notably on 10 October ; 17 February ; 13 March ; and 15 July The Byzantines and Seljuks further made restorations and additions. The area around and inside the citadel, being the oldest part of Ankara, contains many fine examples of traditional architecture. There are also recreational areas to relax. Many restored traditional Turkish houses inside the citadel area have found new life as restaurants, serving local cuisine. The citadel was depicted in various Turkish banknotes during — and — The remains, the stage, and the backstage of the Roman theatre can be seen outside the castle. Roman statues that were found here are exhibited in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. The seating area is still under excavation. Ancyra then formed the capital of the new province of Galatia. The temple on the ancient acropolis of Ancyra was enlarged in the 2nd century and converted into a church in the 5th century. It is located in the Ulus quarter of the city. It was subsequently publicized by the Austrian ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq in the 16th century. The Roman Baths of Ankara have all the typical features of a classical Roman bath complex : a frigidarium cold room , a tepidarium warm room and a caldarium hot room. The baths were built during the reign of the Roman emperor Caracalla in the early 3rd century to honor Asclepios , the God of Medicine. Today, only the basement and first floors remain. It is situated in the Ulus quarter. It is metres feet long and 6. Many ancient artifacts were discovered during the excavations along the road and most of them are currently displayed at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. Kocatepe Mosque is the largest mosque in the city. Located in the Kocatepe quarter, it was constructed between and in classical Ottoman style with four minarets. Its size and prominent location have made it a landmark for the city. Built in the Turkish neoclassical style, it is one of the largest new mosques in the city, completed and opened in It can accommodate 6 thousand people during general prayers, and up to 30 thousand people during funeral prayers. The mosque was decorated with Anatolian Seljuk style patterns. It is the largest Ottoman mosque in Ankara and was built by the famous architect Sinan in the 16th century. The mimber pulpit and mihrap prayer niche are of white marble, and the mosque itself is of Ankara stone, an example of very fine workmanship. This mosque, in the Ulus quarter next to the Temple of Augustus , was built in the early 15th century in Seljuk style by an unknown architect. It was founded in the Ulus quarter near the Ankara Citadel and was constructed by the Ahi fraternity during the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The finely carved walnut mimber pulpit is of particular interest. Be proud, work hard, and believe in yourself. The monument was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 5 lira banknote of — \[61\] and of the lira banknotes of — Suluhan is a historical Inn in Ankara. According to the vakfiye inscription of the building, the Ottoman era han was commissioned by Hasan Pasha, a regional beylerbey , and was constructed between and , during the final years of the reign of Sultan Bayezid II. Up the hill to the castle gate, there are many shops selling a huge and fresh collection of spices, dried fruits , nuts, and other produce. Likewise, the anchor monument is also related with the Spanish name of the mall, Armada, which means naval fleet. There is also the newly expanded ANKAmall at the outskirts, on the Istanbul Highway, which houses most of the well-known international brands. This mall is the largest throughout the Ankara region. In a few more shopping malls were open in Ankara. Turkish State Opera and Ballet , the national directorate of opera and ballet companies of Turkey, has its headquarters in Ankara, and serves the city with three venues:. The Turkish State Theatres also has its head office in Ankara and runs the following stages in the city:. In addition, the city is served by several private theatre companies, among which Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu , who have their own stage in the city center, is a notable example. It is an old 15th century bedesten covered bazaar \[67\] that has been restored and now houses a collection of Paleolithic , Neolithic , Hatti , Hittite , Phrygian , Urartian and Roman works as well as a major section dedicated to Lydian treasures. Completed in , it is an impressive fusion of ancient and modern architectural styles. There is a fine collection of folkloric items, as well as artifacts from the Seljuk and Ottoman periods. There are also galleries which host guest exhibitions. Cer Modern is the modern-arts museum of Ankara, inaugurated on 1 April The museum incorporates the largest exhibition hall in Turkey. The museum holds periodic exhibitions of modern and contemporary art as well as hosting other contemporary arts events. The War of Independence was planned and directed here as recorded in various photographs and items presently on exhibition. In another display, wax figures of former presidents of the Republic of Turkey are on exhibit. The museum opened to the public in September As with all other cities of Turkey, football is the most popular sport in Ankara. They were the Turkish Cup winners in and Ankara has a large number of minor teams, playing at regional levels. There are many popular spots for skateboarding which is active in the city since the s. Ankara has many parks and open spaces mainly established in the early years of the Republic and well maintained and expanded thereafter. It is a pleasant place to spend a day with family, be it for having picnics, hiking, biking or simply enjoying good food and nature. Ankara is noted, within Turkey, for the multitude of universities it is home to. These include the following, several of them being among the most reputable in the country:. Ankara University Faculty of History and Geography The Medical School on the main campus of Hacettepe University Ankara is home to a world-famous domestic cat breed — the Turkish Angora , called Ankara kedisi Ankara cat in Turkish. Turkish Angoras are one of the ancient, naturally occurring cat breeds, having originated in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia. They mostly have a white, silky, medium to long length coat, no undercoat and a fine bone structure. There seems to be a connection between the Angora Cats and Persians , and the Turkish Angora is also a distant cousin of the Turkish Van. Although they are known for their shimmery white coat, currently there are more than twenty varieties including black, blue and reddish fur. They come in tabby and tabby-white, along with smoke varieties, and are in every color other than pointed, lavender, and cinnamon all of which would indicate breeding to an outcross. Eyes may be blue, green, or amber, or even one blue and one amber or green. The W gene which is responsible for the white coat and blue eye is closely related to the hearing ability, and the presence of a blue eye can indicate that the cat is deaf to the side the blue eye is located. However, a great many blue and odd-eyed white cats have normal hearing, and even deaf cats lead a very normal life if kept indoors. Ears are pointed and large, eyes are almond shaped and the head is massive with a two plane profile. Another characteristic is the tail, which is often kept parallel to the back. The Angora is one of the oldest types of domestic rabbit, originating in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia, along with the Angora cat and Angora goat. The rabbits were popular pets with French royalty in the midth century, and spread to other parts of Europe by the end of the century. They first appeared in the United States in the early 20th century. They are bred largely for their long Angora wool , which may be removed by shearing , combing, or plucking gently pulling loose wool. Angoras are bred mainly for their wool because it is silky and soft. They have a humorous appearance, as they oddly resemble a fur ball. Most are calm and docile but should be handled carefully. Grooming is necessary to prevent the fiber from matting and felting on the rabbit. A condition called 'wool block' is common in Angora rabbits and should be treated quickly. Angora goats were first introduced in the United States in by Dr. James P. The fleece taken from an Angora goat is called mohair. A single goat produces between five and eight kilograms 11 and 18 pounds of hair per year. Angoras are shorn twice a year, unlike sheep , which are shorn only once. Angoras have high nutritional requirements due to their rapid hair growth. A poor quality diet will curtail mohair development. For a long period of time, Angora goats were bred for their white coat. Today, Angora goats produce white, black deep black to greys and silver , red the color fades significantly as the goat gets older , and brownish fiber. Angora goats were depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 50 lira banknotes of — Entrance of the State Art and Sculpture Museum Yunus Emre Institute, originally the Tekel Building The historic Ziraat Bank Building The third and current Grand National Assembly of Turkey building Intercity Bus Terminal in Yenimahalle, Ankara. Ankara is twinned with: \[78\]. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the insect genus, see Ancyra genus. For the Archdiocese, see Ancyra Catholic titular see. For other uses, see Ankara disambiguation. Capital of Turkey. Place in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Capital city of Turkey Metropolitan municipality. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Main articles: History of Ankara and Timeline of Ankara. Main article: Monumentum Ancyranum. Ethnography Museum State Art and Sculpture Museum Museum of Anatolian Civilizations War of Independence Museum Main article: Turkish Angora. Main article: Angora rabbit. Main article: Angora goat. Atakule Tower The historic Ankara Palas Hotel See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey. Turkey portal. Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 May Collins English Dictionary. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. William Morrow and Company. Retrieved 8 February Archived from the original on 19 July Retrieved 29 June Archived from the original on 15 November Turkish State Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 17 January Retrieved 10 January Baseline climate means — from stations all over the world in German. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 12 January National Geographic Society. Retrieved 28 March Routledge , 5 March Start: p. CITED: p. Chapter XL, coll. Tournebize, v. II, Paris , coll. Archived from the original on 23 November Retrieved 5 May Leitner ropeways. Archived from the original on 21 May Retrieved 21 May Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved 19 June Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The Huffington Post. The Economist. Archived from the original on 21 July Retrieved 29 October Erik Meyersson. VICE News. Series Archived 17 April at the Wayback Machine. On the obverse of the 5 lira banknote of — 1. Series Archived 26 April at the Wayback Machine. On the reverse of the 10 lira banknote of — 1. On the reverse of the 10 lira banknote of — 2. Series Archived 25 February at the Wayback Machine. On the reverse of the lira banknotes of — 7. Series Archived 3 June at the Wayback Machine. Banknote Museum. Emission Group — 'One Turkish Lira ' '. Archived from the original on 17 April Retrieved 20 April Retrieved 10 June Antik Ankara in Turkish. Archived from the original on 25 May Retrieved 8 July The Banknotes of 2. Banknote Museum: 2. Archived from the original on 22 March Retrieved 22 May Sports TV in Turkish. Retrieved 29 May Banknote Museum: 5. Archived from the original on 25 January Retrieved 29 January Storey Publishing. Archived from the original on 3 July Series Archived 25 February at the Wayback Machine ; 3. Ankera, Turkey: T. Retrieved 13 August Seoul Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on 10 December Retrieved 26 January Seoul Metropolitan Government archived Archived from the original on 25 March Retrieved 23 August Beijing Municipal Government. Retrieved 23 June Archived from the original on 12 April Retrieved 6 May Municipality of Tirana. Archived from the original PDF on 10 October Tbilisi City Hall. Tbilisi Municipal Portal. Archived from the original on 24 July Retrieved 5 August Archived from the original on 3 September Retrieved 21 July The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee. Archived from the original on 2 May Ankara Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from the original on 29 October District of Columbia. Retrieved 18 September Retrieved 18 December Gulf Times. Retrieved 31 May Archived from the original on 14 January Ankara category. City of Ankara. Central Anatolia Region Turkey Category. Capitals of European states and territories. Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics. Capitals of Asia. Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics. See: Positions on Jerusalem and Political status of Taiwan. Capital cities of the Candidate Countries of the European Union. Ankara in Ankara Province of Turkey. List of provinces by region. Ankara Karaman Konya. Metropolitan municipalities are bolded. Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikivoyage. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service \[17\]. Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst humidity — \[18\]. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ankara category. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ankara. North Asia. South Asia. Southeast Asia. Western Asia. Turkey : Ankara. Serbia : Belgrade. Montenegro : Podgorica. North Macedonia : Skopje. Albania : Tirana. Istanbul Ankara. İzmir Bursa.
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Ankara became the new Turkish capital upon the establishment of the Republic on 29 October , succeeding in this role the former Turkish capital Istanbul Constantinople following the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The city gave its name to the Angora wool shorn from Angora rabbits , the long-haired Angora goat the source of mohair , and the Angora cat. The area is also known for its pears, honey and muscat grapes. Although situated in one of the driest places of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation except for the forested areas on the southern periphery, Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant, at 72 square metres square feet per head. Ankara is a very old city with various Hittite , Phrygian , Hellenistic , Roman , Byzantine , and Ottoman archaeological sites. The hill remains crowned by the ruins of the old citadel. The orthography of the name Ankara has varied over the ages. Under the Trewartha climate classification , Ankara has a middle latitude steppe climate BSk. Due to its elevation and inland location, Ankara has cold and snowy winters, and hot and dry summers. Rainfall occurs mostly during the spring and autumn. Monthly mean temperatures range from 0. Ankara had a population of 75, in As of , Ankara Province has a population of 5,, When Ankara became the capital of the Republic of Turkey in , it was designated as a planned city for , future inhabitants. During the s, s and s, the city grew in a planned and orderly pace. However, from the s onward, the city grew much faster than envisioned, because unemployment and poverty forced people to migrate from the countryside into the city in order to seek a better standard of living. As a result, many illegal houses called gecekondu were built around the city, causing the unplanned and uncontrolled urban landscape of Ankara, as not enough planned housing could be built fast enough. Although precariously built, the vast majority of them have electricity, running water and modern household amenities. Although many gecekondus still remain, they too are gradually being replaced by mass housing compounds, as empty land plots in the city of Ankara for new construction projects are becoming impossible to find. The population of Ankara has a higher education level than the country average. This difference is particularly evident in the university educated segment of the population. The ratio of university and high school graduates to total population is The oldest settlements in and around the city center of Ankara belonged to the Hattic civilization which existed during the Bronze Age and was gradually absorbed c. In Phrygian tradition, King Midas was venerated as the founder of Ancyra, but Pausanias mentions that the city was actually far older, which accords with present archaeological knowledge. Phrygian rule was succeeded first by Lydian and later by Persian rule, though the strongly Phrygian character of the peasantry remained, as evidenced by the gravestones of the much later Roman period. Alexander came from Gordion to Ankara and stayed in the city for a short period. After his death at Babylon in BC and the subsequent division of his empire among his generals, Ankara and its environs fell into the share of Antigonus. Another important expansion took place under the Greeks of Pontos who came there around BC and developed the city as a trading center for the commerce of goods between the Black Sea ports and Crimea to the north; Assyria, Cyprus, and Lebanon to the south; and Georgia, Armenia and Persia to the east. In BC, the city, along with the rest of central Anatolia, was occupied by a Celtic group, the Galatians , who were the first to make Ankara one of their main tribal centers, the headquarters of the Tectosages tribe. The city was then known as Ancyra. The Celtic element was probably relatively small in numbers; a warrior aristocracy which ruled over Phrygian-speaking peasants. However, the Celtic language continued to be spoken in Galatia for many centuries. At the end of the 4th century, St. Jerome , a native of Dalmatia, observed that the language spoken around Ankara was very similar to that being spoken in the northwest of the Roman world near Trier. The city was subsequently passed under the control of the Roman Empire. In 25 BC, Emperor Augustus raised it to the status of a polis and made it the capital city of the Roman province of Galatia. The ruins of Ancyra still furnish today valuable bas-reliefs , inscriptions and other architectural fragments. Two other Galatian tribal centers, Tavium near Yozgat , and Pessinus Balhisar to the west, near Sivrihisar, continued to be reasonably important settlements in the Roman period, but it was Ancyra that grew into a grand metropolis. An estimated , people lived in Ancyra in good times during the Roman Empire, a far greater number than was to be the case from after the fall of the Roman Empire until the early 20th century. It has now been covered and diverted, but it formed the northern boundary of the old town during the Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman periods. It was thus a sizeable city by any standards and much larger than the Roman towns of Gaul or Britannia. They were not the only ones to use the Roman highway network, which was equally convenient for invaders. In the second half of the 3rd century, Ancyra was invaded in rapid succession by the Goths coming from the west who rode far into the heart of Cappadocia , taking slaves and pillaging and later by the Arabs. For about a decade, the town was one of the western outposts of one of Palmyrean empress Zenobia in the Syrian Desert , who took advantage of a period of weakness and disorder in the Roman Empire to set up a short-lived state of her own. The town was reincorporated into the Roman Empire under Emperor Aurelian in During the 3rd century, life in Ancyra, as in other Anatolian towns, seems to have become somewhat militarized in response to the invasions and instability of the town. The city is well known during the 4th century as a centre of Christian activity see also below , due to frequent imperial visits, and through the letters of the pagan scholar Libanius. In , the rebel Marcian attacked the city, without being able to capture it. In , the city was captured for the first time by the Arabs of the Rashidun Caliphate , under Muawiyah , the future founder of the Umayyad Caliphate. In , Emperor Nikephoros I r. By , the Turkish settlers had reached the vicinity of Ancyra, and the city was captured shortly after, at the latest by the time of the rebellion of Nikephoros Melissenos in Taking advantage of Seljuk decline, a semi-religious cast of craftsmen and trade people named Ahiler chose Angora as their independent city-state in Orhan I , the second Bey of the Ottoman Empire , captured the city in Timur defeated Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara in and took the city, but in Angora was again under Ottoman control. The Levant Company maintained a factory in the town from to Following the Ottoman defeat in World War I , the Ottoman capital Constantinople modern Istanbul and much of Anatolia were occupied by the Allies, who planned to share these lands between Armenia , France , Greece , Italy and the United Kingdom , leaving for the Turks the core piece of land in central Anatolia. Ancient buildings reflecting Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman history and narrow winding streets mark the old section. Government offices and foreign embassies are also located in the new section. By there were 44, residents and by the population had grown to , After , it became known officially in Western languages as Ankara. After the late s the public stopped using the name 'Angora'. Early Christian martyrs of Ancyra, about whom little is known, included Proklos and Hilarios who were natives of the otherwise unknown nearby village of Kallippi, and suffered repression under the emperor Trajan 98— In the s we hear of Philumenos, a Christian corn merchant from southern Anatolia, being captured and martyred in Ankara, and Eustathius. As in other Roman towns, the reign of Diocletian marked the culmination of the persecution of the Christians. In , Ancyra was one of the towns where the co-Emperors Diocletian and his deputy Galerius launched their anti-Christian persecution. In Ancyra, their first target was the year-old Bishop of the town, whose name was Clement. The remains of the church of St. Quite possibly this marks the site where Clement was originally buried. Four years later, a doctor of the town named Plato and his brother Antiochus also became celebrated martyrs under Galerius. Theodotus of Ancyra is also venerated as a saint. However, the persecution proved unsuccessful and in Ancyra was the center of an important council of the early church ; \\\\[31\\\\] its 25 disciplinary canons constitute one of the most important documents in the early history of the administration of the Sacrament of Penance. Twenty years later, Christianity and monotheism had taken its place. Ancyra quickly turned into a Christian city, with a life dominated by monks and priests and theological disputes. The town council or senate gave way to the bishop as the main local figurehead. During the middle of the 4th century, Ancyra was involved in the complex theological disputes over the nature of Christ, and a form of Arianism seems to have originated there. In —, the Emperor Julian passed through Ancyra on his way to an ill-fated campaign against the Persians, and according to Christian sources, engaged in a persecution of various holy men. In , Arian bishops met at Ancyra and deposed several bishops, among them St. Gregory of Nyssa. In the late 4th century, Ancyra became something of an imperial holiday resort. After Constantinople became the East Roman capital, emperors in the 4th and 5th centuries would retire from the humid summer weather on the Bosporus to the drier mountain atmosphere of Ancyra. Theodosius II — kept his court in Ancyra in the summers. Laws issued in Ancyra testify to the time they spent there. The Metropolis of Ancyra continued to be a residential see of the Eastern Orthodox Church until the 20th century, with about 40, faithful, mostly Turkish-speaking, but that situation ended as a result of the Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations. The earlier Armenian Genocide put an end to the residential eparchy of Ancyra of the Armenian Catholic Church , which had been established in Having fallen into disuse, it was restored on 30 April The Armenian Genocide brought an effective end to the residential diocese, \\\\[34\\\\] \\\\[35\\\\] which was only formally suppressed in and instantly transformed into an Armenian Catholic titular bishopric. The titular see has had a single occupant:. No later than , the Catholic Church also established a Latin Rite titular archbishopric of Ancyra. The last incumbent died in The church is believed to have been built between the 4th and 9th centuries. Today, only the interior facade of a wall and marble blocks from the church have survived. The city has exported mohair from the Angora goat and Angora wool from the Angora rabbit internationally for centuries. In the 19th century, the city also exported substantial amounts of goat and cat skins, gum , wax , honey , berries, and madder root. Ankara is also famous for its pears. Exports to foreign countries from these defence and aerospace firms have steadily increased in the past decades. A number of the global automotive companies also have production facilities in Ankara, such as the German bus and truck manufacturer MAN SE. A large percentage of the complicated employment in Ankara is provided by the state institutions; such as the ministries , subministries, and other administrative bodies of the Turkish government. There are also many foreign citizens working as diplomats or clerks in the embassies of their respective countries. Ankara is currently served by a suburban rail named Ankaray A1 and three subway lines M1, M2, M3 of the Ankara Metro with about , total daily commuters, while an additional subway line M4 is currently under construction. The Ankara Central Station is a major rail hub in Turkey. The average amount of time people spend commuting on public transit in Ankara on a weekday is 71 minutes. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 9. The province of Ankara is divided into 25 districts. Overall, the AKP enjoys the most support throughout the city. The electorate of Ankara thus tend to vote in favour of the political right, far more so than the other main cities of Istanbul and İzmir. In retrospect, the —14 protests against the AKP government were particularly strong in Ankara, proving to be fatal on multiple occasions. Initially elected in the local elections , he was re-elected in , and The city suffered from a series of terrorist attacks in and , most notably on 10 October ; 17 February ; 13 March ; and 15 July The Byzantines and Seljuks further made restorations and additions. The area around and inside the citadel, being the oldest part of Ankara, contains many fine examples of traditional architecture. There are also recreational areas to relax. Many restored traditional Turkish houses inside the citadel area have found new life as restaurants, serving local cuisine. The citadel was depicted in various Turkish banknotes during — and — The remains, the stage, and the backstage of the Roman theatre can be seen outside the castle. Roman statues that were found here are exhibited in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. The seating area is still under excavation. Ancyra then formed the capital of the new province of Galatia. The temple on the ancient acropolis of Ancyra was enlarged in the 2nd century and converted into a church in the 5th century. It is located in the Ulus quarter of the city. It was subsequently publicized by the Austrian ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq in the 16th century. The Roman Baths of Ankara have all the typical features of a classical Roman bath complex : a frigidarium cold room , a tepidarium warm room and a caldarium hot room. The baths were built during the reign of the Roman emperor Caracalla in the early 3rd century to honor Asclepios , the God of Medicine. Today, only the basement and first floors remain. It is situated in the Ulus quarter. It is metres feet long and 6. Many ancient artifacts were discovered during the excavations along the road and most of them are currently displayed at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. Kocatepe Mosque is the largest mosque in the city. Located in the Kocatepe quarter, it was constructed between and in classical Ottoman style with four minarets. Its size and prominent location have made it a landmark for the city. Built in the Turkish neoclassical style, it is one of the largest new mosques in the city, completed and opened in It can accommodate 6 thousand people during general prayers, and up to 30 thousand people during funeral prayers. The mosque was decorated with Anatolian Seljuk style patterns. It is the largest Ottoman mosque in Ankara and was built by the famous architect Sinan in the 16th century. The mimber pulpit and mihrap prayer niche are of white marble, and the mosque itself is of Ankara stone, an example of very fine workmanship. This mosque, in the Ulus quarter next to the Temple of Augustus , was built in the early 15th century in Seljuk style by an unknown architect. It was founded in the Ulus quarter near the Ankara Citadel and was constructed by the Ahi fraternity during the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The finely carved walnut mimber pulpit is of particular interest. Be proud, work hard, and believe in yourself. The monument was depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 5 lira banknote of — \\\\[61\\\\] and of the lira banknotes of — Suluhan is a historical Inn in Ankara. According to the vakfiye inscription of the building, the Ottoman era han was commissioned by Hasan Pasha, a regional beylerbey , and was constructed between and , during the final years of the reign of Sultan Bayezid II. Up the hill to the castle gate, there are many shops selling a huge and fresh collection of spices, dried fruits , nuts, and other produce. Likewise, the anchor monument is also related with the Spanish name of the mall, Armada, which means naval fleet. There is also the newly expanded ANKAmall at the outskirts, on the Istanbul Highway, which houses most of the well-known international brands. This mall is the largest throughout the Ankara region. In a few more shopping malls were open in Ankara. Turkish State Opera and Ballet , the national directorate of opera and ballet companies of Turkey, has its headquarters in Ankara, and serves the city with three venues:. The Turkish State Theatres also has its head office in Ankara and runs the following stages in the city:. In addition, the city is served by several private theatre companies, among which Ankara Sanat Tiyatrosu , who have their own stage in the city center, is a notable example. It is an old 15th century bedesten covered bazaar \\\\[67\\\\] that has been restored and now houses a collection of Paleolithic , Neolithic , Hatti , Hittite , Phrygian , Urartian and Roman works as well as a major section dedicated to Lydian treasures. Completed in , it is an impressive fusion of ancient and modern architectural styles. There is a fine collection of folkloric items, as well as artifacts from the Seljuk and Ottoman periods. There are also galleries which host guest exhibitions. Cer Modern is the modern-arts museum of Ankara, inaugurated on 1 April The museum incorporates the largest exhibition hall in Turkey. The museum holds periodic exhibitions of modern and contemporary art as well as hosting other contemporary arts events. The War of Independence was planned and directed here as recorded in various photographs and items presently on exhibition. In another display, wax figures of former presidents of the Republic of Turkey are on exhibit. The museum opened to the public in September As with all other cities of Turkey, football is the most popular sport in Ankara. They were the Turkish Cup winners in and Ankara has a large number of minor teams, playing at regional levels. There are many popular spots for skateboarding which is active in the city since the s. Ankara has many parks and open spaces mainly established in the early years of the Republic and well maintained and expanded thereafter. It is a pleasant place to spend a day with family, be it for having picnics, hiking, biking or simply enjoying good food and nature. Ankara is noted, within Turkey, for the multitude of universities it is home to. These include the following, several of them being among the most reputable in the country:. Ankara University Faculty of History and Geography The Medical School on the main campus of Hacettepe University Ankara is home to a world-famous domestic cat breed — the Turkish Angora , called Ankara kedisi Ankara cat in Turkish. Turkish Angoras are one of the ancient, naturally occurring cat breeds, having originated in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia. They mostly have a white, silky, medium to long length coat, no undercoat and a fine bone structure. There seems to be a connection between the Angora Cats and Persians , and the Turkish Angora is also a distant cousin of the Turkish Van. Although they are known for their shimmery white coat, currently there are more than twenty varieties including black, blue and reddish fur. They come in tabby and tabby-white, along with smoke varieties, and are in every color other than pointed, lavender, and cinnamon all of which would indicate breeding to an outcross. Eyes may be blue, green, or amber, or even one blue and one amber or green. The W gene which is responsible for the white coat and blue eye is closely related to the hearing ability, and the presence of a blue eye can indicate that the cat is deaf to the side the blue eye is located. However, a great many blue and odd-eyed white cats have normal hearing, and even deaf cats lead a very normal life if kept indoors. Ears are pointed and large, eyes are almond shaped and the head is massive with a two plane profile. Another characteristic is the tail, which is often kept parallel to the back. The Angora is one of the oldest types of domestic rabbit, originating in Ankara and its surrounding region in central Anatolia, along with the Angora cat and Angora goat. The rabbits were popular pets with French royalty in the midth century, and spread to other parts of Europe by the end of the century. They first appeared in the United States in the early 20th century. They are bred largely for their long Angora wool , which may be removed by shearing , combing, or plucking gently pulling loose wool. Angoras are bred mainly for their wool because it is silky and soft. They have a humorous appearance, as they oddly resemble a fur ball. Most are calm and docile but should be handled carefully. Grooming is necessary to prevent the fiber from matting and felting on the rabbit. A condition called 'wool block' is common in Angora rabbits and should be treated quickly. Angora goats were first introduced in the United States in by Dr. James P. The fleece taken from an Angora goat is called mohair. A single goat produces between five and eight kilograms 11 and 18 pounds of hair per year. Angoras are shorn twice a year, unlike sheep , which are shorn only once. Angoras have high nutritional requirements due to their rapid hair growth. A poor quality diet will curtail mohair development. For a long period of time, Angora goats were bred for their white coat. Today, Angora goats produce white, black deep black to greys and silver , red the color fades significantly as the goat gets older , and brownish fiber. Angora goats were depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 50 lira banknotes of — Entrance of the State Art and Sculpture Museum Yunus Emre Institute, originally the Tekel Building The historic Ziraat Bank Building The third and current Grand National Assembly of Turkey building Intercity Bus Terminal in Yenimahalle, Ankara. Ankara is twinned with: \\\\[78\\\\]. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. For the insect genus, see Ancyra genus. For the Archdiocese, see Ancyra Catholic titular see. For other uses, see Ankara disambiguation. Capital of Turkey. Place in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Capital city of Turkey Metropolitan municipality. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Main articles: History of Ankara and Timeline of Ankara. Main article: Monumentum Ancyranum. Ethnography Museum State Art and Sculpture Museum Museum of Anatolian Civilizations War of Independence Museum Main article: Turkish Angora. Main article: Angora rabbit. Main article: Angora goat. Atakule Tower The historic Ankara Palas Hotel See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey. Turkey portal. Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 May Collins English Dictionary. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. William Morrow and Company. Retrieved 8 February Archived from the original on 19 July Retrieved 29 June Archived from the original on 15 November Turkish State Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 17 January Retrieved 10 January Baseline climate means — from stations all over the world in German. Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 12 January National Geographic Society. Retrieved 28 March Routledge , 5 March Start: p. CITED: p. Chapter XL, coll. Tournebize, v. II, Paris , coll. Archived from the original on 23 November Retrieved 5 May Leitner ropeways. Archived from the original on 21 May Retrieved 21 May Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved 19 June Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. The Huffington Post. The Economist. Archived from the original on 21 July Retrieved 29 October Erik Meyersson. VICE News. Series Archived 17 April at the Wayback Machine. On the obverse of the 5 lira banknote of — 1. Series Archived 26 April at the Wayback Machine. On the reverse of the 10 lira banknote of — 1. On the reverse of the 10 lira banknote of — 2. Series Archived 25 February at the Wayback Machine. On the reverse of the lira banknotes of — 7. Series Archived 3 June at the Wayback Machine. Banknote Museum. Emission Group — 'One Turkish Lira ' '. Archived from the original on 17 April Retrieved 20 April Retrieved 10 June Antik Ankara in Turkish. Archived from the original on 25 May Retrieved 8 July The Banknotes of 2. Banknote Museum: 2. Archived from the original on 22 March Retrieved 22 May Sports TV in Turkish. Retrieved 29 May Banknote Museum: 5. Archived from the original on 25 January Retrieved 29 January Storey Publishing. Archived from the original on 3 July Series Archived 25 February at the Wayback Machine ; 3. Ankera, Turkey: T. Retrieved 13 August Seoul Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on 10 December Retrieved 26 January Seoul Metropolitan Government archived Archived from the original on 25 March Retrieved 23 August Beijing Municipal Government. Retrieved 23 June Archived from the original on 12 April Retrieved 6 May Municipality of Tirana. Archived from the original PDF on 10 October Tbilisi City Hall. Tbilisi Municipal Portal. Archived from the original on 24 July Retrieved 5 August Archived from the original on 3 September Retrieved 21 July The department of protocol and international relations of Minsk City Executive Committee. Archived from the original on 2 May Ankara Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from the original on 29 October District of Columbia. Retrieved 18 September Retrieved 18 December Gulf Times. Retrieved 31 May Archived from the original on 14 January Ankara category. City of Ankara. Central Anatolia Region Turkey Category. Capitals of European states and territories. Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics. Capitals of Asia. Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics. See: Positions on Jerusalem and Political status of Taiwan. Capital cities of the Candidate Countries of the European Union. Ankara in Ankara Province of Turkey. List of provinces by region. Ankara Karaman Konya. Metropolitan municipalities are bolded. Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikivoyage. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service \\\\[17\\\\]. Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst humidity — \\\\[18\\\\]. Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ankara category. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ankara. North Asia. South Asia. Southeast Asia. Western Asia. Turkey : Ankara. Serbia : Belgrade. Montenegro : Podgorica. 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Анкара — необычный город. Будучи столицей современной Турции, она призвана играть много конфликтующих друг с другом ролей, но именно поэтому Анкара столь пленительна. Город Анкара (Ankara). Анкара — необычный город. Будучи столицей современной Турции, она призвана играть много конфликтующих друг с другом ролей, но именно поэтому Анкара столь пленительна. Город сосредоточен в центре Анатолийского плато.
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ANKARA, Ankara, Turkey. , likes · talking about this. Regional Website. See more of ANKARA on Facebook. Log In. or. Create New Account. See more of ANKARA on Facebook. Log In. Forgotten account?.
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Анкара (Ankara) — столица Турции. Находится в центре страны, на Анатолийском плоскогорье, у слияния рек Анкара и Чубук, на высоте м над уровнем моря. Общая площадь города - 1 кв.км (одна из крупнейших в мире). Численность населения – 5 миллионов человек (второе место по этому показателю после Стамбула).
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